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EN
The article focuses on the so -called Ukrainian issue in the light of the Polish conservative thought in the times of the Second Republic. The problem of conservative ideology regarding the matter has been thoroughly examined here, not only in the days preceding the outbreak of the First World War, but in the between the wars period as well. The in -depth analysis carried out below clearly shows that the conservatives were, in their majority, strong supporters of the modus vivendi policy which Poland, they believed, could only benefit from. This sentiment, however, had been frequently reviewed, depending on the current political and economic situation, both on the national and international scene. Before Poland regained her independence in 1918, they had been often inclined to support the idea of federation and, hoping for the eruption of social and political turmoil in Russia, consequently propped up the activities of the Ukrainian nationalists there. In the between the wars interlude Polish conservatives adopted basically two different approaches to the problem of the Ukrainian issue: some would claim that assimilation was the only answer, others would resolve to the postulate of the Great Ukraine. Regardless of their attitude and political sentiments, though, the conservatives consequently supported the idea of Polish national minority growing strong in number and political magnitude on the eastern frontier, traditionally dominated by the Ukrainians. This uncompromising stance, however, mostly brought about by the cultural and socio -economic backgrounds, had never, intentionally at least, instigated any form of ethnic conflict.
EN
In this article the author evaluates the Second Vatican Council and the role of Pope Benedict XV in relation to it nearly half a century later. The author rejects the notion of joining exclusively the spirit and the letter of the council. He argues that in addition to the text of the conciliar documents, one must perceive the spirit of the writing, though expressed implicitly, and this helps to interpret the text in a certain light. This procedure fully corresponds to the tradition of the church, which always interprets its writings. The article is rather critical in evaluating the Pope Benedict, who was a supporter of the reforms but later in life became a conservative and displayed a negative attitude toward the Second Vatican Council. In his reasoning the pope used ahistorical vision of the world, allowed the celebration of the Latin Mass, even without the permission of the local bishop, lifted the excommunication of Lefebvrists, and made other decisions that showed him inclined to promote the conservative ‘reform of the reform’ of the council.
EN
This paper deals with analysis of technological system in the macro-economic systems. Also it is listed reasons to invest in a conservative backward technology. Much of the research is devoted to the investing in innovation. It is defined at the state level the priority of innovation and investment direction for their development and implementation support to the relevant market actors.
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