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‘BOYS DON’T CRY’ – AN AMBIGUOUS STATEMENT?

100%

Felka K.

Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu

2021

vol. 28

issue 3

581 – 595

As has often been observed in the literature, an utterance of a generic such as ‘Boys don’t cry’ can convey a normative behavioural rule that applies to boys, roughly: that boys shouldn’t cry. This observation has led many authors to the claim that generics are ambiguous: they allow both for a descriptive as well as a normative reading. The present paper argues against this common assumption: it argues that the observation in question should be addressed at the level of pragmatics, rather than at the level of semantics. In particular, the paper argues that the normative force of utterances of generics results from the presence of a conversational implicature. This result should somewhat alleviate the task of finding a proper semantic analysis of generics since it shows that at least one of their intriguing features need not be reflected in their truth-conditions.

Znaczenie zdania a znaczenie implikowane. Komunikacyjno-semantyczne aspekty odbioru wypowiedzi z negacja zdaniowa i performatywna

88%

Maciuszek J.

Psychologia Społeczna

2009

vol. 4

issue 4(12)

255-270

The study analyzed semantic relationships between sentence negation, performative negation and state- ments with reference to utterances described by the speech acts theory as representatives (asertives). The research showed that interpretation of utterance was dependent on form of the uterance (statements, nega- tions), the affective mark, and contextual factors (expectations in regard to commented events and relation- ship between the speaker and the receiver). In Experiment 1 the interpretation of utterance in form of either statement or sentence negation was investigated. In Experiment 2 the performative verb was used and another form of utterance (performative negation) was included. The obtained results confirm assumption of the conversational inference model that interpretation of a message depends on the context. Additionally, the results demonstrated that there exist two meaning relations between statements, the sentence negation and the performative negation, which vary dependent on the affective meaning of the message and on the contextual factors.

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1 Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu

1 Psychologia Społeczna

1 Felka K.

1 Maciuszek J.

1 2021

1 2009

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‘BOYS DON’T CRY’ – AN AMBIGUOUS STATEMENT?

Znaczenie zdania a znaczenie implikowane. Komunikacyjno-semantyczne aspekty odbioru wypowiedzi z negacja zdaniowa i performatywna