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1

THE RIGHT OF ROMA TO ADEQUATE HOUSING IN LAW OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE (Odpowiednie mieszkanie dla Romów w aktach prawnych Rady Europy)

100%
Lasak K.
Studia Prawnicze
|
2009
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issue 1-2(179-180)
101-124
EN
The concept of adequate housing stems from the Covenant. The Council of Europe legal system adopted and adjusted that concept to its own needs and aims. The concept of adequate housing with regard to Roma may be found there in a number of legal acts, including Article 31 of the Revised Charter, Articles 16 of Revised Charter and the Social Charter, Article 8 of the European Convention together with its Article 1 of the Protocol No. 1, Article 5 of the Minority Convention referring to social development of minorities as well as in many other resolutions adopted by various bodies of the Organisation concerning the problem. The concept of adequate housing in the Covenant constitutes of such elements like: accessibility, habituality, availability of services, materials and infrastructure, location, cultural adequacy and legal security of tenure. These are key factors which are crucial to determinate the adequacy of the housing. The concept of adequate housing for Roma within the Council of Europe is interpreted as follows. There exists a total ban on segregation policy of this population in settlements and it is to be eradicated. Initiatives should be launched to promote tolerance and regular contacts between nomads and non-nomads communities. It is incumbent on states to enact anti-discrimination laws and to implement them effectively. Given exceptionally harsh nature of nomads housing conditions alternative accommodation should be provided as a matter of priority, especially to those of them who live in settlements which endanger life of the inhabitants or are hazardous to their health. Central and local authorities shall actively co-operate while implementing housing projects for nomads. They must imply all necessary and functional infrastructure. Nomads ought to have free choice of their housing lifestyle. Legal security of tenure implies that all nomads enjoys legal and factual protection against such threats like forced eviction and other harassment.
2
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PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS BELONGING TO NATIONAL MINORITIES IN THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE

100%
Bialek T.
Przegląd Zachodni
|
2007
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issue 3(324)
EN
The history of the 20th century made it clear that persons belonging to national minorities are in need of special protection. The aim of the article is to establish whether the mechanism of the Council of Europe, with a variety of approaches and working methods at its disposal, really makes a difference to the protection of national minorities. Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (adopted in 1995) as the primary document guaranteeing protection by the Council of Europe to persons belonging to minorities and The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages adopted in 1992 to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe, are precisely analyzed in the article, also within the context of the effectiveness of their control mechanisms. The previous protection, based only on the general rule of non-discrimination (article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights) was insufficient, although the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) had an important role to play in clarifying the scope and application of article 14 to persons belonging to national minorities. The author also presents the case-law of the ECHR. Considering the fact that the Convention and Charter contain mostly programme - type provisions, the article presents the activity of the control bodies - especially Advisory Committee on Minorities, which has put a lot of time into interpreting the provisions as well as providing guidance to States on how to implement them. The author also presents practical and political obstacles to full implementation of the provisions mentioned above.
3
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The actual problems of the Polish social security system

80%
Uscinska G.
Polityka Społeczna
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2007
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vol. 34
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issue 7(400)
1-7
EN
The paper discusses the solutions adopted in Polish system, evaluates them on the background of international solutions as well as presents the problems that it may be necessary to solve in near future. To begin with, one may say that Polish social security system is well developed and its solutions are generally in accordance with European standards as established in the regulations of ILO, Council of Europe and European Union, although some of them are not. It is possible to point down some systematic and parametric problems that need solution in near future. They are presented in the final part of the article.
4
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CYRILOMETODĚJSKÁ STEZKA JAKO PŘÍLEŽITOST PRO VYUŽITÍ A INTERPRETACI SPOLEČNÉHO EVROPSKÉHO KULTURNÍHO DĚDICTVÍ

61%
Peterka M.
Konštantínove listy
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2016
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vol. 9
|
issue 2
106 – 118
EN
European Cultural Route is the unique pan-European tourism products. This is why the European Commission, European Parliament, member states and the Council of Europe have devoted a lot of attention to them. The aim is to raise awareness of Europe, individual sites, and countries as exceptional tourism areas and destinations. The project European Cultural Route of Saints Cyril and Methodius aims to make visibility and preserve the unique European heritage, authentic story of missionaries Cyril and Methodius, within the 9th and 10th centuries. The goal is the functional European network following the Cyril and Methodius legacy and supporting Christian cultural roots and values based on respect and dialogue between people of varying cultures and faiths.
5

PRINCÍP VIAZANOSTI PRÁVOM A VEREJNÁ SPRÁVA

51%
Maslen M.
Právny obzor. Teoretický časopis pre otázky štátu a práva (Juridical Review. Theoretical journal for the questions of state and law)
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2015
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vol. 98
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issue 1
22 – 40
EN
The legislation may vest the public administration with the power to exercise discretion. Jurisprudence stresses, that the power of discretion should be used in the minimum, as there is the risk of arbitrariness. Judicial law stresses that the public administration must not expand its discretion over the conditions established by law. When using the discretionary power the legal certainty and predictability of the actions of public administration must preserve. Otherwise the public administration would act arbitrarily. Therefore the question arises - in what extent and how are the public authorities bound by law, when exercising their discretionary power? The possible conclusion may define the power of administrative authority in connection with the scope that has been vested to it by law. The scope of administrative authority includes the extent of the relations that is administrated by the authority. The power of authority expresses the way the authority administrates this extent of relations. The most important conclusion is that the power of authority may interfere with the fundamental rights and freedoms only under the law. In this respect the exercise of authority’s power corresponds to the requirements of the Article no. 1 and Article no. 2 Paragraph no. 2 of the Constitution of the Slovak Republic.
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Prawo do sprzeciwu sumienia w ramach legalnej opieki medycznej. Rezolucja nr 1763 Zgromadzenia Parlamentarnego Rady Europy z dnia 7 października 2010 roku

41%
Pawlikowski J.
Studia z Prawa Wyznaniowego
|
2011
|
vol. 14
313-338
PL
Celem opracowania jest przedstawienie okoliczności powstania rezolucji nr 1763 zatytułowanej Prawo do sprzeciwu sumienia w ramach legalnej opieki medycznej przyjętej przez Zgromadzenie Parlamentarne Rady Europy w dniu 7 października 2010 roku. Projekt rezolucji opracowany został przez posłów z ugrupowań socjalistycznych i lewicowych, a jego celem było ograniczenie prawa do sprzeciwu sumienia przez pracowników służby zdrowia i zwiększenie dostępności pacjentów do zalegalizowanych, ale kontrowersyjnych moralnie świadczeń medycznych, przede wszystkim aborcji. Prace nad dokumentem rozpoczęły się w dniu 14 października 2008 roku złożeniem przez grupę posłów wniosku zawierającego projekt rezolucji. Projekt został następnie oddany pod obrady Komisji ds. Społecznych, Zdrowia i Rodziny oraz Komisji ds. Równości Kobiet i Mężczyzn. Przyjęcie dokumentu poprzedzone zostało burzliwą debatą wokół charakteru prawa do sprzeciwu sumienia oraz jego zakresu przedmiotowego i podmiotowego w odniesieniu do systemu opieki medycznej i prawa do ochrony zdrowia. W wyniku przyjętych poprawek ostateczny tekst dokumentu odbiegał istotnie od jego pierwotnej wersji. Zdecydowanie podkreślono w nim fundamentalny charakter prawa do wolności sumienia, w tym prawa do sprzeciwu sumienia, ale również odpowiedzialność państwa za zapewnienie pacjentom dostępu do legalnych świadczeń medycznych. Na końcu opracowania przedstawione zostało polskie tłumaczenie rezolucji nr 1763.
EN
This paper elaborates on the origin of Resolution 1763 The right to conscientious objection in lawful medical care, adopted by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe on 7 October 2010. The draft resolution was prepared by the socialist and leftist MPs and aimed to curtail the right to conscientious objection by medical personnel and to increase the availability of legal, yet morally controversial, medical services, especially abortion. The work on the document began on 14 October 2008 when a group of MPs put forward a motion containing the draft resolution. The draft was later submitted to deliberations of the Committee on Social, Health and Family Affairs and the Committee for Equality between Women and Men. Adoption of the document was preceded by a stormy debate on the nature of the right to conscientious objection and its subjective and objective scope as regards the medical care system and the right to health protection. The adopted amendments significantly altered the original text. The final draft laid a strong emphasis on the fundamental nature of the right to freedom of conscience, including the right to conscientious objection, but also stressed the responsibility of the state for providing patients with access to lawful medical services. The Polish translation of Resolution 1763 has been attached at the end of the paper.
7
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KONCEPCJA BAZY DANYCH POLSKIEGO DZIEDZICTWA ARCHITEKTONICZNEGO W KONTEKŚCIE DOŚWIADCZEŃ EUROPEJSKICH

41%
Kępczyńska-Walczak A.
Ochrona Zabytków
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2007
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issue 4
11-22
EN
The article deals with the digital record of historical monuments within the context of present-day technological requirements and potential. It is also a part of a quest for solutions to the urgent need for creation of a computer system of heritage documentation at the national level. It contains a survey of issues related to the development of an information society and increasing technological progress in the information sector; it also presents reasons for the necessity of establishing historical monument digital databases. The authoress focuses on the application of latest technologies for the protection of the cultural heritage. Upon the basis of an analysis of European achievements and, in particular, the best practices in creation of digital archives as well as the recommendations of the Council of Europe, she has defined guidelines for creation of a complex digital archive and improvement of the process of cataloguing documentation, management, protection and popularisation of Polish architectural heritage. The proposed system is based on the concept of general Internet access to information about historical monuments, with precisely defined access levels. What is more, the idea is also in accordance with the European concept of the IST (Information Society Technologies) and the promotion of national heritage conceived as a key element of identity. The article describes all stages of the implementation of digital technology in the documentation of historical monuments, and such essential questions as binding standards, digitisation methods, metadata, thesaurus, multilingualism, accessibility, and the durability of digital data, as well as legal problems, e. g. copyright. These issues are essential, though due to limited length of the article they are presented briefly. Such an integrated collection of information about historical monuments, based on a 'white card', European Union guidelines and recommendations of the Council of Europe (Data Core Index on Architectural Heritage) would comprise a valuable source of knowledge for conservation offices, historians of art and architecture, investors, architects and town planners as well as for the purposes of managing cultural heritage, education, popularization and tourism. Despite the fact that the detailed study concerns the creation of a system intended for monuments of architecture, it can become useful also in a more extensively comprehended domain of cultural heritage.
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