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EXPLANATION OF CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN TERM OF THE EVOLUTIONARY THEORY: POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS (Vysvetlenie kulturneho vyvoja z hladiska evolucnej teorie: moznosti a obmedzenia)

100%
Bahna V.
Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)
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2010
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vol. 58
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issue 1
5-24
EN
The theme of this study is the explanation of cultural development in the term of Darwinian evolutionary theory. The author concerns himself with meme theory (memetics) and the arguments of its critics, and seeks to evaluate some of them. He considers the current state of scientific discourse regarding the application of Darwin's theory of natural selection to cultural evolution. The concept of natural selection, however, is not an essential part either of evolutionary theory or of its application to culture. Hence, the author also gives attention to so-called neutral evolution. On the conclusion of his study he considers the emergence of new cultural variants and their preservation in memory systems depending on concrete socio-cultural conditions. In this respect for cultural evolution is distinguished fundamentally from the classical evolutionary models. The algorithm of natural selection (heredity, variability, selection) is only one of the mechanisms to which cultural evolution is a subject. Cultural development therefore cannot be modelled only by means of natural selection, but at the same time it would be a mistake to exclude it from this model.
2

K METODOLOGICKÉMU VÝZNAMU POJMU KULTÚRY

100%
Sedová T.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2017
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vol. 72
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issue 8
632 – 644
EN
The contribution deals with defining the phenomenon of culture and its concept from the perspectives of philosophy as well as special sciences. With regard to the philosophical approach to culture and the tension between particularism and universalism it focuses on culture/human nature relationship and the role these concepts play in social cognition. Due to contemporary global conflicts and the abandonment of the idea of progress the concept of culture becomes central and highly relevant as a mediator in the resolution of conflicts, especially those, in which the acknowledgment and respect are the problems at issue.
3

TENDENCIA DODRŽIAVAŤ PRÁVNE NORMY AKO VRODENÁ VLASTNOSŤ ČLOVEKA

86%
Šmihula D.
Právny obzor. Teoretický časopis pre otázky štátu a práva (Juridical Review. Theoretical journal for the questions of state and law)
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2013
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vol. 96
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issue 4
386 – 403
EN
A man has an innate tendency toward observance of legal norms, because he or she has an innate tendency in his or her behaviour to observe norms in general. It is caused by the fact that a man is a collective being and can only survive in a group of other men. In order to be functional, such group needs to follow certain rules – norms. Life in a community had been expanded because it brings significant advantages to an individual in terms of his survival, quality of life and his own reproduction. As this collective life became spread among ancestors of men long before the origin of a man − at the time when the cultural evolution had not a large importance and, unlike the present, was shadowed by the biological evolution − and long before the ancestors of men became high-intelligent beings, the formation of proto-human communities was not a result of a rational choice; it must have to be a result of evolutional selection. The ones in which the associative instinct developed had an evolutionary advantage over those who lived isolated. For such community not to immediately disintegrate, this associative instinct could not exist in isolation. Moreover, it could successfully work and provide a selective advantage from the very beginning only in association with the tendency toward observance of certain norms. As the collective life and the need to observe certain rules arose among ancestors of men literally at the level of simple primates, this tendency to observe norms must have the form of innate instinct created by biological evolution, rather than the form of a learnt behaviour transmitted by cultural transfer as part of cultural superstructure.
4
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Rarášok a zmok ako kultúrne reprezentácie alebo Prečo prežitky prežívajú?

72%
Buzekova T.
Národopisná revue (Journal of Ethnology)
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2009
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vol. 19
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issue 4
240-249
EN
The paper focuses on the theoretical perspective of cognitive anthropology applied in study of folklore. The authoress aims to demonstrate that the terms 'folk beliefs' and 'superstitions' used in folkloristics relate to the definition of folklore as a 'survival' peculiar to the earlier anthropological theory of cultural evolution. Cognitive anthropology offers a different approach to study of cultural phenomena. From the cognitive point of view, the so-called superstitions are representations incorporating anti-intuitive concepts. Some of them could have their origin in old pagan beliefs, but this is not the main factor influencing their transmission: the distribution of anti-intuitive concepts is determined by how the human mind works. Narrations containing those concepts are related to a concrete social context and do not necessary refer to the religious feelings or religious faith. On the example of rarasok and zmok - supernatural beings from Slovak folk tales - the autoress demonstrates that the hypothetical religious origin of folklore images does not explain their present 'survival'. Distribution of rarasok and zmok's representations could be explained in terms of Pascal Boyer's theory. Rarasok and zmok appear in tales with interpretation of misfortune in terms of supernatural forces. Long-term reproduction of corresponding narrative schemata could be explained by further cognitive theories dealing with certain aspects of human cognition related to concrete social situations.
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