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1

Usage of phrases showing marks of respect towards emperors in 'Zywoty' by Cyryl of Scytopolis

100%
Kosinski R.
Białostockie Teki Historyczne
|
2006
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issue 4
41-48
EN
The purpose of this article is to analyze the famous 'Lives of the Monks of Palestine', i.e. that of Cyril of Scythopolis (around 525-558) in the view of 'Rangpredikaten'. It was tested in it if Cyril in his work used 'Rangpredikaten' as standard expressions connected with a specific function performed by a particular person or whether this way he expressed his attitude towards the heroes of his work. The analysis included the group personifying the highest level of authority in the State, i.e. the emperors who, as a rule, were entitled to 'Rangpredikaten' and whose biographies and religious views are known better than those of office workers or bishops. In Cyril's Lives appear as many as 17 emperors like Constantius, Julian, Gratian, Valens, Valentinian, Theodosius I, Arcadius, Honorius, Theodosius II, Marcian, Leo I, Leo II, Zeno, Basiliscus, Anastasius, Justin and Justinian. The analysis showed Cyril's of Scythopolis naming particular rulers with a positive epithet was first of all dependent on the their religious views. If they were in accordance with Chalcedonian and anti-Origenistic attitude of the author, then they could count on a positive evaluation. All the emperors that adopted the chalcedonian faith, i.e. Marcian, Leo I, Justinian are at least once given a honorable expression whereas Zeno, Basiliscus and Anastasius could not count on positive assessments. The last one, because of his active anti-Chalcedonian policy received a very negative evaluation. The most positive figure presented in the 'Lives' is Justynian and this is because of the fact he was the emperor contemporary to the author and his pro-Chalcedonian and especially his anti-Origenistic attitude that was so important for Cyril in connection with the origenistic conflict among Palestinian monks in his times. The above analysis indicates that the Late Ancient authors of hagiographic works may through the use of 'Rangpredikaten' not only adapt to the conventional principles used in the official titles but also show his attitude particularly to the already deceased.
2

„A los padł na biskupów”. Na marginesie rozważan o stosunku do rzucania losów w późnej starożytności

70%
Kosiński R.
U Schyłku Starożytności. Studia Źrodłoznawcze
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2012
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vol. 11
55-58
EN
This paper makes reference to Robert Wisniewski’s article concerned with the resignation from the practice of episcopal election by lot, apparent in Late Antiquity. This shift is puzzling, given the fact that New Testament offers the example of Matthias thus elected as the apostle replacing Judas (Acts 1: 26). Wisniewski explains this circumstance predominantly by the preeminence of bad connotations and associations with fortune-telling and divination. However, in the Vita Euthymii 45, Cyril of Scythopolis states that the monks, who were opposed to the decrees of the Council of Chalcedon, followed the example described in the Acts and cast lots in order to take a decision on entering into communion with the pro-Chalcedon bishops. The author does not see anything wrong in the method used by the monks and approves it wholeheartedly, considering the outcome as a sign of Divine Providence. Therefore, in all probability, the discontinuation of the procedure in Late Antiquity did not result from any associations with pagan rites or gambling; it was rather due to the fact that there had already existed a different, and well-entrenched, form of episcopal election in Christian tradition, in that particular period.
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