In the beginning, the ancient Church understood celibacy as a state of being unmarried of one’s own free-will. Once, married men were admitted to the clerical state. From the mid-third century, unmarried men who were ordained, could not marry. From the fourth century, the formal law of celibacy was introduced prescribing a total sexual abstinence in relations with one’s wife. These legal norms were confirmed by numerous synods in Gaul to ensure their observance. Abstinence under celibacy is motivated mainly by a cult continence, the teaching of the Gospel and that of St. Paul the Apostle. Non-observance was sanctioned by different penalties, especially removal from the office and excommunication.
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W Kościele starożytnym na początku celibat rozumiany jako bezżeństwo był dobrowolny. Bez ograniczeń święcono raz żonatych mężczyzn. Od połowy III w. zabraniano mężczyznom nieżonatym w chwili święceń zawierania małżeństwa po ich przyjęciu. Od IV w. powstało formalne prawo celibatu w sensie wymagania całkowitej wstrzemięźliwości seksualnej w relacjach z żoną. Te normy prawne potwierdzają liczne synody kościelne w Galii i przypominają o obowiązku ich przestrzegania. Celibat wstrzemięźliwości jest motywowany głównie wstrzemięźliwością kultową a także nauczaniem ewangelicznym i św. Pawła Apostoła. Za nieprzestrzeganie tych norm grożą różne kary kościelne, jakimi najczęściej są złożenie z urzędu i pozbawienie komunii.
The Appointment of the Vacant Canons in the metropolitan chapter of Olomouc, according to the statutes of 1826, included the Metropolitan Chapter and the Emperor. This type of occupation was abolished by the new Code of Canon Law (1917) and in 1918 the monarchy ceased to exist. While at the time of the episcopate of Archbishop Stojan the controversy over the Appointment of Vacant Canons took place especially with the newly established Czechoslovak state, which had forfeited the privileges of the "Habsburg Monarchy". Stojan was able to appoint new Canons in 1923. His successor Leopold Prečan also had to deal with the issue of vacant Canons as well as the question of the approval of the new statutes of the Olomouc metropolitan chapter, which would be in accordance with the new Code of Canon Law. While the appointment of the vacant canons was achieved in 1933 and 1938, the approval of the recalculated chapter statutes was not achieved until the end of his episcopate. Precan’s successor, Archbishop Matocha, also called for the chapter to present revised statutes, but due to the emergence of the Communist totalitarian system in Czechoslovakia, it was not the appropriate time to approve the statutes. The capital statutes of 1826 thus applied until 1994, when new statutes were approved by Archbishop Jan Graubner, which were modified to be in accordance with the Code of Canon Law.
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