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1

Central African Republic: portrait of a collapsed state after the last rebellion

100%

Kłosowicz R.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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2016

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issue 42

33-51

EN

Central African Republic (CAR) is one of the poorest and most unstable countries in the world and has occupied the top place in all possible rankings of failed states, instability, poverty, corruption etc. for many years. However, although the CAR has experienced almost constant instability for the last few decades it was only in recent years that it has received the media attention which was unseen before. Such an unusual interest has resulted from two successive internal conflicts: first, in 2012 the anti‑ government rebellion drawing together the alliance of rebel militia factions, the Séléka, and a year later the insurrection of the opposing Anti‑Balaka forces. The article is an attempt to analyse the causes of the instability of the CAR and the current political and security situation in the country, taking into account, among other things, the results of the fieldwork conducted by the author in the Central African Republic, as well as his long‑time research on the phenomenon of dysfunctional states.

2

Game of Proxies – Towards a new model of warfare: Experiences from the CAR, Libya, Mali, Syria, and Ukraine

86%

Kozera C. A., Bernat P., Gürer C., Popławski B., Sözer M. A.

Security and Defence Quarterly

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2020

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vol. 31

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issue 4

77-97

EN

The objective of the study is to carry out a meaningful comparison that demonstrates the similarities and differences of various conflict theatres where proxy forces were employed. The analyses of the discussed cases focused on different aspects of the conflict and nature of the proxy use. The analyses presented on the following pages were conducted on the basis of the literature on the subject, governmental research and reports, and supporting sources reporting recent developments that complemented academic sources. Various non-state actors such as ethnic militias, paramilitary units, and private military companies have become more and more visible on contemporary battlegrounds. Modern states employ those actors to further their objectives, as this limits their own political and financial costs. This increasingly visible phenomenon points to an emerging new model of warfare where state actors are relying ever more on proxies of various character and nature. It is highly likely that any future conflict will be characterised by a proxy-based model of warfare, which will consist of a limited footprint made by regular forces (or none at all) and, consequently, the extended use of proxies supported by special forces. Because such an approach is less costly, proxies will be more often employed by low-budget states, previously reluctant to carry out such costly military endeavours. Denying the actions and affiliations of these proxies will inevitably follow and, in turn, a lack of political accountability and responsibility for the conflict’s outcome.

3

Konflikt w Republice Środkowoafrykańskiej jako przykład konfliktu wewnętrznego w kontekście użycia Polskiego Kontyngentu Wojskowego

58%

Skoczylas R.

Bezpieczeństwo Obronność Socjologia

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2018

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issue 9/10

64-82

PL

Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu jest konflikt niemiędzynarodowy opisany na przykładzie konfliktu w Republice Środkowoafrykańskiej, ukazanie metod prowadzenia walki przez strony konfliktu oraz zasady użycia Wojska Polskiego w operacjach policyjnych. W artykule wykorzystano dostępne materiały źródłowe, w tym m.in.: przekazy organizacji międzynarodowych opisujących konflikt w Republice Środkowoafrykańskiej, wytyczne specjalistyczne w sprawie sformowania i przygotowania Polskiego Kontyngentu Wojskowego, dokumenty normujące użycie pododdziałów policji wojskowych (ang. Integrated Police Unit). Informacje dotyczące zakazanych metod walki pochodzą z analizy raportów międzynarodowych agencji zajmujących się ochroną praw człowieka – Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International – opracowanych w celu udokumentowania zbrodni na ludności cywilnej. Charakterystyczne dla tego konfliktu było właśnie skierowanie głównych działań zbrojnych przeciwko cywilom.

EN

The Central African Republic (CAR), a country that is often overlooked in the international arena, has suffered a series of military coups and political unrest since independence from France in 1960. That article briefly shows the road to conflict, describes serious violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law committed within the territory of CAR between January 2003 and December 2015, and explains the legal frame of the process of using international security forces in law-enforcement type of military operations. The Central African Republic needs a conflict-solving effort and a peace process that solves the problem of violence between the Séléka and groups of armed fighters that opposed ex-Séléka forces, called “anti-Balaka”. Several organizations, principally the United Nations, are working in the country in order to end the conflict. However, the conflict is still ongoing, creating a wave of violence that has resulted in thousands of refugees, interim displaced people, deaths and political uncertainty.

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1 Bezpieczeństwo Obronność Socjologia

1 Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

1 Security and Defence Quarterly

1 Bernat P.

1 Gürer C.

1 Kozera C. A.

1 Kłosowicz R.

1 Popławski B.

1 Skoczylas R.

1 Sözer M. A.

1 2020

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1 2016

Central African Republic: portrait of a collapsed state after the last rebellion

Game of Proxies – Towards a new model of warfare: Experiences from the CAR, Libya, Mali, Syria, and Ukraine

Konflikt w Republice Środkowoafrykańskiej jako przykład konfliktu wewnętrznego w kontekście użycia Polskiego Kontyngentu Wojskowego