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1

Siła złudzeń - informacje o szwedzkich „zwycięstwach” w Rosji i o bitwie połtawskiej dochodzące do obozu króla Stanisława (sierpień 1708-wrzesień 1709 roku)

100%

Dygdała J.

Wieki Stare i Nowe

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2019

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vol. 14

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issue 19

119-142

PL

Artykuł ukazuje trudności w przekazywaniu informacji w czasie kampanii rosyjskiej Karola XII w latach 1708-1709 oraz pojawiające się z tego powodu fałszywe informacje o rzekomych sukcesach szwedzkich, w które bezkrytycznie wierzono w otoczeniu króla Stanisława Leszczyńskiego.

EN

Often enough in historical literature the following phenomena have been stressed: misinformation of public opinion, disseminating hearsay, and last but not least, stubborn dismissal of reports inconvenient to their recipients and deluding oneself that another news should bring a completely different state‑of‑affairs. Those characteristic phenomena are clearly visible when one looks into the process of receiving information regarding an unprecedented defeat suffered by the Swedish army of King Charles XII near Poltava in 1709. The supporters of Stanisław Leszczyński, who was allied with the Swedes, along with Swedish officers belonging to his entourage for the lengthy period denied the veracity of the reports and accepted any hearsay regarding Tsar Peter I’s alleged defeat at its face value.

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Oficerowie wyznania ewangelickiego ze Śląska w armii szwedzkiej podczas wielkiej wojny północnej (1700 –1721). Prolegomena

80%

Wołoszyn A.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2019

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vol. 84

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issue 4

179-210

EN

The article constitutes a prolegomenon to the issue of the service of Silesian Evangelicals in the Swedish army during the Great Northern War (1700–1721), which has so far been absent in scholarly literature. The main objective of this text is to analyse their motives for joining the military service of the Kingdom of Sweden, as well as to trace their career and position in the officer corps. The above issue is part of the research on the officer corps of Charles XII’s army, and thus it may serve as an important point of reference also for the works devoted to the service of Polish and Lithuanian officers in the Swedish army of that period. A group of several dozen representatives of the Silesian nobility and aristocracy, whose members served in the rank of officers in various units of almost all the enlistments of the Swedish army (the largest number in the mercenary värvade regementen), throughout the whole war period (the most numerous in the period of 1703/1704–1709), mainly as the dragoons, and less often in other cavalry formations. The primary source for selection was a twovolume dictionary by Adam L.C. Lewenhaupt entitled Karl XII:s officerare. Biografiska anteckningar (Stockholm 1920–1921). Among the handwritten primary sources, the materials stored in Riksarkivet and Krigsarkivet were used, which primarily constitute records from the Royal Registry and military roles. They have been subjected to critical analysis in order to prepare possibly the most thorough biographies of officers of Evangelical faith from Silesia. A number of research methods have been used, such as the biographical, genealogical or statistical methods. The representatives of the following old and influential Silesian families were mentioned: von Ferentheil, von Franckenberg, von Holly, von Koschembahr and von Lindeiner. Among less significant families of the Silesian nobility, the representatives of the following families were scrutinised: Dumky, Görlitz, Hoffman, Kluge and Schmitt. An in-depth survey in Swedish, German, Austrian, Russian, Danish, Latvian and Estonian archives is necessary for further research. This is due to the fact that the representatives of the described group served in the armies of various states over the years, and were also imprisoned in various countries. The article significantly broadens the knowledge about the ways of recruiting officers by the Swedish army during the Great Northern War, and also brings us closer to the individual profiles of Evangelical officers from Silesia and the ways of their promotion. It also points out the importance of the representatives of this group among the commanders of the mercenary regiments (värvade regementen). As the text takes into account the historical political, military and religious situation, it allows to understand what drove the representatives of the described group to join the ranks of Swedish troops. Further survey in foreign archives, especially among specific documents, such as military roles and lists of prisoners of war, may bring a great deal of new information about the mentioned officers, and allow to identify those who were not included in the Lewenhaupt’s book. Undoubtedly, it will also constitute a starting point for the research on the service of officers from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Swedish army, whose number was significant in the examined period.

3

Oficerowie wyznania ewangelickiego ze Śląska w armii szwedzkiej podczas wielkiej wojny północnej (1700–1721). Prolegomena

80%

Wołoszyn A.

|

EN

The article constitutes a prolegomenon to the issue of the service of Silesian Evangelicals in the Swedish army during the Great Northern War (1700–1721), which has so far been absent in scholarly literature. The main objective of this text is to analyse their motives for joining the military service of the Kingdom of Sweden, as well as to trace their career and position in the officer corps. The above issue is part of the research on the officer corps of Charles XII’s army, and thus it may serve as an important point of reference also for the works devoted to the service of Polish and Lithuanian officers in the Swedish army of that period. A group of several dozen representatives of the Silesian nobility and aristocracy, whose members served in the rank of officers in various units of almost all the enlistments of the Swedish army (the largest number in the mercenary värvade regementen), throughout the whole war period (the most numerous in the period of 1703/1704–1709), mainly as the dragoons, and less often in other cavalry formations. The primary source for selection was a twovolume dictionary by Adam L.C. Lewenhaupt entitled Karl XII:s officerare. Biografiska anteckningar (Stockholm 1920–1921). Among the handwritten primary sources, the materials stored in Riksarkivet and Krigsarkivet were used, which primarily constitute records from the Royal Registry and military roles. They have been subjected to critical analysis in order to prepare possibly the most thorough biographies of officers of Evangelical faith from Silesia. A number of research methods have been used, such as the biographical, genealogical or statistical methods. The representatives of the following old and influential Silesian families were mentioned: von Ferentheil, von Franckenberg, von Holly, von Koschembahr and von Lindeiner. Among less significant families of the Silesian nobility, the representatives of the following families were scrutinised: Dumky, Görlitz, Hoffman, Kluge and Schmitt. An in-depth survey in Swedish, German, Austrian, Russian, Danish, Latvian and Estonian archives is necessary for further research. This is due to the fact that the representatives of the described group served in the armies of various states over the years, and were also imprisoned in various countries. The article significantly broadens the knowledge about the ways of recruiting officers by the Swedish army during the Great Northern War, and also brings us closer to the individual profiles of Evangelical officers from Silesia and the ways of their promotion. It also points out the importance of the representatives of this group among the commanders of the mercenary regiments (värvade regementen). As the text takes into account the historical political, military and religious situation, it allows to understand what drove the representatives of the described group to join the ranks of Swedish troops. Further survey in foreign archives, especially among specific documents, such as military roles and lists of prisoners of war, may bring a great deal of new information about the mentioned officers, and allow to identify those who were not included in the Lewenhaupt’s book. Undoubtedly, it will also constitute a starting point for the research on the service of officers from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Swedish army, whose number was significant in the examined period.

4

Dlaczego Szwedzi przegrali bitwę pod Połtawą? Natura przeciwko armii szwedzkiej w kampaniach 1708 i 1709 roku

71%

Anusik Z.

Przegląd Nauk Historycznych

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2020

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vol. 19

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issue 1

81-102

EN

The article presents the course of actions undertaken by the Swedish army in the years 1708 and 1709. Both campaigns were directed against Russia, and the strategic goal outlined by the ruler of Sweden – Charles XII was to seize Moscow. At the end of 1708, however, the Swedish army was not in the foreground of the tsar’s capital, but in Ukraine, on the left bank of Dnepr. The following year the Swedes fought the battle of Poltava, which ended with their defeat. The author tries to answer the question, why did this happen? When discussing the path of Charles XII to the Poltava battlefield, he pays attention primarily to natural and objective factors (weather, surface shape, natural obstacles etc.) on which the King of Sweden had no influence. In the author’s opinion, these was this factors that largely influenced the fact that the Swedish army stood to the battle of Poltava significantly weakened and with a very little chance to win.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono przebieg działań podejmowanych przez armię szwedzką w latach 1708–1709. Obie kampanie skierowane były przeciwko Rosji, a celem strategicznym nakreślonym przez władcę Szwecji – Karola XII było zajęcie Moskwy. W ostatecznym rozrachunku, u schyłku 1708 r. wojska szwedzkie znalazły się jednak nie na przedpolu stolicy carów, a na Ukrainie Zadnieprzańskiej. W roku następnym Szwedzi stoczyli bitwę pod Połtawą, która zakończyła się ich klęską. Autor próbuje odpowiedzieć na pytanie, dlaczego tak się stało? Omawiając drogę Karola XII na połtawskie pole bitwy, zwraca uwagę przede wszystkim na czynniki naturalne i obiektywne (pogoda, ukształtowanie powierzchni, przeszkody naturalne itd.), na które król Szwecji nie miał żadnego wpływu. Zdaniem autora to właśnie te czynniki w dużym stopniu wpłynęły na to, że szwedzka armia stanęła do walki pod Połtawą znacznie osłabiona i z niewielkimi szansami na zwycięstwo.

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1 Przegląd Nauk Historycznych

1 Wieki Stare i Nowe

1 Zapiski Historyczne

2 Wołoszyn A.

1 Anusik Z.

1 Dygdała J.

1 2020

2 2019

Siła złudzeń - informacje o szwedzkich „zwycięstwach” w Rosji i o bitwie połtawskiej dochodzące do obozu króla Stanisława (sierpień 1708-wrzesień 1709 roku)

Oficerowie wyznania ewangelickiego ze Śląska w armii szwedzkiej podczas wielkiej wojny północnej (1700 –1721). Prolegomena

Oficerowie wyznania ewangelickiego ze Śląska w armii szwedzkiej podczas wielkiej wojny północnej (1700–1721). Prolegomena

Dlaczego Szwedzi przegrali bitwę pod Połtawą? Natura przeciwko armii szwedzkiej w kampaniach 1708 i 1709 roku