Search results

1

УКРАЇНСЬКА ТЕМАТИКА В ДОКУМЕНТАХ ЧЕСЬКИХ ГРОМАДЯНСЬКИХ ІНІЦІАТИВ (ДРУГА ПОЛОВИНА 1980-х рр.)

100%

Postolovskyj R., Slesarenko A.

Міжнародні зв’язки України: наукові пошуки і знахідки

|

2020

|

issue 29

82-93

EN

The authors analyzed the presence and content of Ukrainian theme in the documents of Czech civic initiatives during the second half of the 1980s. The development of citizens initiatives has become a catalyst of socio-political life in Czechoslovakia. The number of participants in civic initiatives increased, and their programs were politicized. In program statements the principle of the so-called leading role of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia was rejected as inconsistent with the principle of equality of citizens and the code of civil and political rights. The source base of this research comprised documents and materials of human rights activists, first presented in the self-published (samizdat) bulletins of independent Czech civic initiatives: “Information on Charter 77” (“Informace o Chartĕ 77”), “The Case of the East European News Agency” (“Zprava vychodoevropske informačni agentury”) and “Bulletin of Independent Peace Commonwealth – Initiative for demilitarization of society” (“Bulletin nezavisleho miroveho sdruženi – Iniciativy za demilitarizaci společnosti”). It has been shown that the Ukrainian theme is presented in two documents of the human rights association of Charter 77: the document “Before the Chernobyl Accident” (May 6, 1986) and the telegram of Czechoslovak human rights activists to Lviv, addressed to the group “Dovira” (“Trust”) (April 22, 1989). Czech “Independent Peace Commonwealth – Initiative for demilitarization of society” and Ukrainian, Lviv, “Dovira” Group, exchanged a letter and a telegram of solidarity. The informational reasons for creating the documents were the Chernobyl disaster – man-made accident on a global scale and the brutal dispersal of a peaceful demonstration in Lviv. Documents of Czech human rights activists and pacifist activists focus public attention on late Soviet realities: concealment of information from society about radioactive contamination and another human rights violation in Soviet Ukraine

2

„Byl to život na sopce, život pod závalem, život v tekoucí lavině”. O „dysydenckim getcie” według Pavla Kohouta

99%

Kowalska U.

Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne

|

2014

|

issue 6

EN

The main intention of the presented article was to find and indicate thoughts connected to the dissident tradition of Czech 20th century history. The generational experience regarding the „drunken festival” of Prague Spring and brutal intervention of „fraternal help” have influenced a non-official side of Czech modern culture. Literary works, as well as publicist activities in the period 1968–1989 prove that the political opposition has become a very important subject for many writers. In the article, I am referring to above indicated novel written by Pavel Kohout. In his text, the writer, known as one of the most important founding members and architects of the informal civic initiative called Charter 77, has managed to describe an atmosphere of Czech „normalization” and nonofficial ways of rebelling, fighting against the communistic ideology in Czechoslovakia before the Velvet Revolution in November 1989.

3

The Nationalizing Processes in Slovakia 1969–1988. The Case Study of Hungarian Minority

86%

Marušiak J.

Central European Papers

|

2015

|

vol. 3

|

issue 1

88–107

EN

The paper deals with the situation of Hungarian minority in Slovakia in the period of the regime of so called “Normalization” after the suppression of “Prague Spring” in 1970s and 1980s. The issue of minority policy of Czechoslovak / Slovak government is discussed as a speciﬁc aspect of the nationalizing policy. The paper is based on the archival research of the documents provided by Charter 77 and the Committee for Protection of the Hungarian minority rights in Czechoslovakia. The research question is, whether the Slovak Socialist Republic, established after the federalization of Czechoslovakia in 1968, was still a nationalizing state. Paper brings an analysis of the oscillation of the political initiatives within the Hungarian minority environment in Slovakia and the Slovak-Hungarian debate between the national and civic-democratic agenda. According to the conclusions, the Slovak Socialist Republic applied some nationalizing practices and policies, however due to the deformations of the Czechoslovak federation after 1969 it couldn’t become a uniquely nationalizing state. The debate on the minority rights and on the Slovak-Hungarian relations in the dissident environment and later, since 1988-1989 in the wider public space has a signiﬁcant impact on the shaping of the political cleavages in Slovakia after the political changes in November 1989.

4

Svět disentu a Státní bezpečnosti jako souboj expertů

86%

Hošek J.

Historie – Otázky – Problémy (History, Issues, Problems)

|

2023

|

vol. 15

|

issue 1

85-97

EN

The paper discusses the clash between State Security (Státní bezpečnost) and political dissent during Czechoslovak normalisation, or rather one of its aspects: the expert knowledge that both sides used in the conflict. While State Security was making an effort to improve in the field of psychology and also in its use of technology, especially during surveillance, the dissidents gradually acquired a perfect knowledge of the Czechoslovak legal system, which helped them to defend themselves, at least to some extent, against the harassment by the security apparatus. The paper discusses the approaches taken by both sides as well as how they actually worked in practice.

5

Psychologové a Charta 77: československá zkušenost angažovanosti psychologů za lidská práva

72%

Preiss M., Heissler R., Doubková N., Roubalová V., Uhmannová M., Lefeuvre I.

Československá psychologie (Czechoslovak Psychology)

|

2023

|

vol. 67

|

issue 5

332-348

EN

The article focuses on Czechoslovak dissent in the context of the activities of 25 psychologists who signed Charter 77 until 1989. The purpose of this text is to summarize basic information about these individuals, their life, work and attitudes. The authors draw on archival materials and personal testimonies. The pressure to adapt to the demands of state power and the efforts to expel inconvenient signatories from the country are described. The contribution focuses on the activities of psychologists-signatories during the normalization in the 1970s and 1980s and after 1989. The signatories are interpreted as active, civically engaged, resilient and humanistically oriented.

CS

Článek se zaměřuje se na československý disent v souvislosti s aktivitami 25 psychologů, kteří podepsali Chartu 77 do roku 1989. Smyslem tohoto textu je shrnout základní informace o těchto jedincích, o jejich životě, díle a postojích. Text vychází z archivních materiálů a osobních svědectví. Popsán je tlak na adaptaci podle požadavků státní moci i snaha o vypuzení nepohodlných signatářů ze země. Stať se zaměřuje na aktivity psychologů-signatářů během normalizace v 70. a 80. letech 20. století i po roce 1989. Signatáři jsou interpretováni jako aktivní, občansky angažovaní, nezdolní a humanisticky orientovaní.

6

Tenkrát na Severu. Teplický underground versus Veřejná a Státní bezpečnost 1965‒1985

72%

Kudrna L., Stárek, Čuňas F.

Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)

|

2016

|

vol. 24

|

issue 1

213-251

EN

The North Bohemia Region, especially Teplice, was along with Prague one of the key centres of the opposition community, which later acquired the term ‘underground’. The underground movement soon came into conflict with the normalisation regime. Using the example of one specific city and its community, we have aimed to demonstrate its multifaceted nature. We have begun in 1965, when the underground was spawned, with 1985 being a year of its resurgence following harsh persecution at the beginning of the 1980s. For clarity, we have had to give a brief description of events already well-known and studied in our paper. It also proved impossible to describe the regional issue without anchoring it within its society-wide context, as well as the status of the authorities on the one hand, and the underground on the other. As yet unpublished archive sources, mainly of State Security provenance, were used in the writing of the study.

7

Czech Refugees in Austria 1968–1985

72%

Haváč O.

Prague Papers on the History of International Relations

|

2016

|

issue 1

82-97

EN

After the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, which ended up Prague spring in August 1968, thousands of Czech (and Slovak) citizens went into exile. Out of estimated 162,000 people, who came to Austria within the next few weeks, some 12,000 refugees decided to stay there. The majority of them chose Vienna to be their new home. My paper deals with this group of Czech refugees and analyses a process of their integration into Austrian majority and how the process, which they had to undergo, changed their national identity. In the paper, which is based on various archive materials and my two field researches among Czechs in Vienna, I also deal with different concepts of national identity and integration. I applied Cooper and Brubaker’s concepts of ‘identification’ and self-understanding’ to analyse deeper the various contexts of Czech refugees’ behaviour and to answer a research question, why it was more difficult for Czech refugees to integrate into existing Czech minority associations in Austria than into Austrian majority itself.

8

"Dílna" Charty 77

58%

Suk S.

Soudobé dějiny (Contemporary History)

|

2023

|

vol. 30

|

issue 2

385-413

EN

The subject of the article is the hitherto unexplored process of the creation and publication of the Charter 77 documents - documents that fundamentally presented the opinions and analyses of this most important dissident initiative in Czechoslovakia between 1977 and 1989. They covered the state of human and civil rights in the country, various other social and political issues, and the situation of dissent itself. The author refers to this process as a "workshop", which he understands figuratively as a thinking and creative environment in which ideas, proposals and suggestions are born and implemented. In order to analyse the functioning of the Chartist "workshop", he chooses six documents with different content, for the creation of which we have diverse historical sources. Using the examples of the basic document "Declaration of Charter 77" of 1 January 1977, the "Communication of Charter 77" (on the conclusions of the internal discussion on the further work of the Charter from September of the same year), and the position of the spokespersons of Charter 77 (on the discussions on the mission and activities of the Charter from October 1978), the author shows how appropriate ways of further activity were sought within this community and how the written "workshop" rules were enforced. Using a document on the situation of the Roma in Czechoslovakia from December 1978, a so-called "economic" document from May 1979 (known as "Theses on Consumption"), and an analysis of the state of Czechoslovak official historiograpghy from May 1984 (known as "The Right to History"), the author illustrates the Chartists' problems in adhering to the agreed "workshop" rules, their ability to overcome these problems, and the fact that they "produced" Charter documents in two ways. In the first case, the interested parties created an informal group to work on a topic, then incorporated - selectively - the received comments, and then submitted the text (by themselves or through intermediaries) to the speakers for their signature on behalf of the entire Chartist community. In the second case, the Charter spokespersons "produced" the document by signing their own text or a text they had received without consulting anyone. This was precisely the case with the document "The Right to History" (Právo na dějiny), which provoked widespread controversy among Czechoslovak dissenters.

9

Jiří Lederer (1922–1983) – dziennikarz, dysydent, wygnaniec polityczny

58%

Kaliski B.

Polska 1944/45-1989. Studia i Materiały

|

2019

|

issue 17

PL

Bohaterem szkicu biograficznego jest Jiří Lederer, czeski dziennikarz, działacz polityczny, dysydent, kilkakrotnie więziony. Autor opisuje jego ideowe korzenie i ewolucję od socjalizmu, przez komunizm, do demokratycznego socjalizmu spod znaku Praskiej Wiosny (socjalizmu z ludzką twarzą), aż po przymusową emigrację.

EN

The protagonist of the biographical sketch is Jiří Lederer, a Czech journalist, political activist, and dissident who was imprisoned several times. The author describes Lederer’s ideological roots and ideological evolution from socialism through communism, democratic socialism under the banner of Prague Spring (socialism with a human face) to forced emigration.

10

Anatomie jedné další zdrženlivosti: dokumenty Charty 77 k zemím třetího světa

51%

Holečková M. E., Pehe V.

Soudobé dějiny (Contemporary History)

|

2023

|

vol. 30

|

issue 2

414-442

EN

Although Charter 77, as the most important Czechoslovak human rights initiative of the second half of the twentieth century, focused mainly on upholding human rights in Czechoslovakia, in its universalistic conception of human rights issues, the initiative was also interested in human rights abroad. The article examines the hitherto unexplored relationship of Charter 77 with the countries of the "Third World", thus pointing to its global dimension. It asks why Charter 77 expressed itself rather sporadically and reticently about events in these countries and why a number of contemporary international political events did not resonate at all within the Charter community. Specifically, it analyses the motivations and factors that led the Charter, or rather specific signatories of Charter 77, to comment on events in Nicaragua, South Africa and selected other countries. The article shows that the interest in international events and, specifically, the Global South was not the result of a coherent strategy. On the contrary, it stemmed rather from the unsystematic personal interests of a narrow group of people who brought international issues into the Charter community. The Chartists' interest in the "Third World" was motivated by a mixture of factors, including an authentic need to stand up against human rights abuses worldwide. But opinions on the given issues were formed on the basis of limited access to information, or instrumental attempts to relate the foreign situation to specific problems of domestic dissent.

11

Existoval chartistický environmentalismus?: Charta 77 a reflexe životního prostředí

51%

Andělová K.

Soudobé dějiny (Contemporary History)

|

2023

|

vol. 30

|

issue 2

351-384

EN

a2_An exception was represented by the dissident and later Minister of Environment Ivan Dejmal (1946–2008), who attempted to combine "small ecology" with the Charter 77 critique of modern rationality and to formulate a positionm of philosophically grounded political ecology within Czechoslovak dissident movement.

12

Charta 77 v americkém "překladu": obraz československého disentu v americkém tisku v roce 1977

37%

James P.

Soudobé dějiny (Contemporary History)

|

2023

|

vol. 30

|

issue 2

443-492

EN

The study traces how the American press covered Charter 77's appearances in the first year of its existence, a subject hitherto unstudied. Czechoslovak dissent attracted international attention after major Western newspapers published the constitutive "Charter 77 Declaration" of January 1, 1977. The subsequent prosecution of the Charter's spokespersons and other signatories sparked a wave of protest and support in the West. The interest of the Western media was crucial for the dissidents, as it was the main way to inform the international public about their activities, and often the only way to get some protection against domestic repression. The situation in Czechoslovakia in the early months of 1977 was also monitored by the media and government authorities in the United States. The author finds, however, that of the major American newspapers, only The Christian Science Monitor, The New York Times, and, to a lesser extent, The Washington Post reported on the Charter on a regular basis. She introduces five journalists who reported on the subject more consistently on these platforms (and in some magazines, too). These were Eric Bourne (1909-1999), Malcolm W. Browne (1931-2012), Michael Getler (1935-2018), Paul Hofmann (1912-2008), and Charles W. Sawyer (born 1941). She examines their professional careers and their engagement in Czechoslovak affairs, introduces their reflections on dissent and the conditions in the Eastern Bloc countries, and characterizes their typical approach and point of view in the context of the American journalism of their time. She chronicles their trips to Czechoslovakia and meetings with dissidents in the first months of 1977, which usually ended with their expulsion from the country, and juxtaposes their journalism and memoirs with State Security documents. In doing so, she shows the problematic contexts in which they reported on Czechoslovakia and Central Europe, and suggests certain shifts and distortions to which the ideas and activities of Czechoslovak dissent were subjected in their mediation and "translation" for the American press. It was this "translation", complicated by the limited contacts American journalists had with dissidents, that mattered more to the media image of the Charter trought the United States of 1977 than the original ideas of Jan Patočka or Václav Havel. It can be concluded that American journalists represented the dissident movement in the long run as a continuation of the Second World War conflict, which the dissidents had shifted to a field of competing political, economic, ethical, and philosophical ideas and visions.

Refine search results

УКРАЇНСЬКА ТЕМАТИКА В ДОКУМЕНТАХ ЧЕСЬКИХ ГРОМАДЯНСЬКИХ ІНІЦІАТИВ (ДРУГА ПОЛОВИНА 1980-х рр.)

„Byl to život na sopce, život pod závalem, život v tekoucí lavině”. O „dysydenckim getcie” według Pavla Kohouta

The Nationalizing Processes in Slovakia 1969–1988. The Case Study of Hungarian Minority

Svět disentu a Státní bezpečnosti jako souboj expertů

Psychologové a Charta 77: československá zkušenost angažovanosti psychologů za lidská práva

Tenkrát na Severu. Teplický underground versus Veřejná a Státní bezpečnost 1965‒1985

Czech Refugees in Austria 1968–1985

"Dílna" Charty 77

Jiří Lederer (1922–1983) – dziennikarz, dysydent, wygnaniec polityczny

Anatomie jedné další zdrženlivosti: dokumenty Charty 77 k zemím třetího světa

Existoval chartistický environmentalismus?: Charta 77 a reflexe životního prostředí

Charta 77 v americkém "překladu": obraz československého disentu v americkém tisku v roce 1977