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EN
It would seem that the function of the Chief of State is of purely historical significance and connected with the role played by Józef Piłsudski in the restoration of Polish statehood one hundred years ago. Recently, however, the concept of the Chief of State appears as a publicist figure regarding Jarosław Kaczyński, the leader of the Law and Justice (PiS). In this essay, the authors would like to evaluate the accuracy of such a comparison. According to their observations, the labelling the current PiS leader as the Chief of State is definitely inadequate. It follows from the fact that his contemporary influence on the functioning of the state is not supported by either personal services or performing state functions. It is based on mythical categories, built on emotions and instruments of historical politics, rather than on real systemic circumstances.
PL
Wydawać by się mogło, że funkcja Naczelnika Państwa ma znaczenie czysto historyczne i związana jest z rolą, jaką odegrał Józef Piłsudski w odrodzeniu polskiej państwowości sto lat temu. Jednak ostatnio Naczelnik Państwa pojawia się jako figura publicystyczna w odniesieniu do Jarosława Kaczyńskiego, lidera Prawa i Sprawiedliwości. W niniejszym eseju autorki chciałyby ocenić trafność takiego porównania. Stosownie do ich obserwacji, określanie obecnego lidera PiS mianem Naczelnika jest zdecydowanie nieadekwatne. Jego obecny wpływ na funkcjonowanie państwa nie jest bowiem poparty osobistymi zasługami ani pełnieniem funkcji państwowych. Opiera się raczej na kategoriach mitycznych, zbudowanych na emocjach i instrumentach polityki historycznej, niż realnych uwarunkowaniach ustrojowych.
EN
The article refers to the sejm elected on 26 January 1919. The parliamentary representation established on that day reflected electoral preferences of the society. The so-called Legislative Sejm was to create the systemic foundation of the renascent State — a modern foundation, suitable for the challenges of the time. The sejm comprised representatives of the intelligentsia and peasantry — those two socio-professional groups consisted 4/5 of the chamber’s composition. One of its first achievements was passing a resolution which became known as the so-called Small Constitution, which concisely regulated the most important systemic issues for the transition period, until the constitutional act is passed. Hence, the Sejm was a sovereign legislative body, closely cooperating with the Chief of State. Achievements of the Sejm comprise both social issues and matters related to the inexpedient reconstruction of the devastated state. Long-term systemic solutions aimed at modernizing the country referred to matters affecting the efficient integration process. This includes establishing the voivodeships as well as organizing the state finances (including taxes). The copestone of the reconstruction was the adoption of the Constitution of 17 March 1921. The achievements of the Legislative Sejm shall be assessed positively. It was the sejm which laid down the foundations of the renascent Republic, acting as the stabilizer, especially of the internal situation of the Polish State.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy koncepcji głowy państwa w pracach nad Konstytucją z 1921 r. Pierwsza część przedstawia motywy przyjęcia republikańskiej formy przyszłego ustroju Polski oraz opisuje projekty konstytucji opracowane przez Biuro Konstytucyjne Prezydium Rady Ministrów. Druga część zawiera charakterystykę pozycji ustrojowej głowy państwa w projekcie tzw. „Ankiety”, projekcie W. Wakara oraz w rządowej „Deklaracji Konstytucyjnej” i projekcie Związku Ludowo-Narodowego. Ponadto opisano kontrowersje związane z tytułami „Naczelnik” i „Prezydent”. Część trzecia zawiera opis poglądów nt. głowy państwa ujawnionych w toku prac Komisji Konstytucyjnej oraz w drugim projekcie Rady Ministrów wraz z poprawkami rządu Skulskiego. Ostatnia, IV część zawiera przyczyny, które wpłynęły na ostateczny kształt urzędu Prezydenta w Konstytucji marcowej.
EN
The article deals with a conception of the head of state while working on the March Constitution. The first part presents motives for adopting a republican form of the future system of Poland and describes draft constitutions drawn up by the Constitutional Bureau of the Presidium of the Council of Ministers. The second part presents characteristics of a political status of the head of state in the draft of the so-called “Survey,” the draft of W. Wakar as well as the governmental “Constitutional Declaration” and the draft of the Popular National Union. Moreover, it describes controversies connected with the titles of “Chief” and “President.” The third part presents a description of views on the head of state revealed during the works of the Constitutional Committee as well as in the second draft drawn up by the Council of Ministers, along with amendments made by the Skulski’s government. The last, 4th part discusses causes which influenced the final shape of the office of President in the March Constitution.
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