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1

The New Challenges to the Equilibrium within the “China – India – Pakistan” Triangle: Political and Economic Aspects

100%

Levitskaya Y.

Historia i Polityka

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2017

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issue 22(29)

87-96

EN

The economic and political aspect of the equilibrium-saving within the triangle “Delhi–Beijing–Islamabad” is the principle topic of the article. The research is based on the system methodology, thus China, India and Pakistan are presented here as the elements of the international relations subregional system. The inter-elements’ relationships are developing in the vital connection with the algorithms of the functioning of the greater system – Asia–Pacific Region. In connection with the said, the article begins with the APR characterization, the place of Southern Asia within the APR is also initially analyzed. The bilateral China-India and Paki-China relations are observed and the conclusions are formulated. Estimating the new challenges to the global international security and taking into account the considerable role of economics in the development of the countries studied, the new threats and, on the other hand, new opportunities for the uneasy interstate relationships are considered. The policy-influencing economic projects are covered in the article; IT-collaboration, co-operation within the international organizations are also considered as the restraining factors of the “triangle’s” antagonistic relations. Nevertheless, the key issue is, whether China is able to co-operate with both rival sides, avoiding the provocations. As a result of supporting one side, e.g. Pakistan, China can make India feel uneasy, in this way refreshing the old territorial disputes between the countries. Only the wise political steps can save Beijing from the collapse in its Southern Asia policy. The economic and political tools of conducting such a wise policy towards both Delhi and Islamabad are covered in the present article.

2

Nowy jedwbny szlak - geopolityczne zanczenie współpracy Pekinu z Islamabadem

84%

Głogowski A.

Przegląd Geopolityczny

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2016

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vol. 16

15-25

PL

Na podstawie umów bilateralnych Chiny podjęły decyzję o sfinansowaniu wielkiego projektu infrastrukturalnego na terenie Pakistanu, określanego mianem Chińsko – Pakistańskiego Korytarza Gospodarczego lub Pasa Gospodarczego Jedwabnego Szlaku. Projekt obejmuje m.in. budowę elektrowni, dróg, linii kolejowych, a przede wszystkim wielkiego portu o znaczeniu strategicznym w pakistańskiej miejscowości Gwadar. Projekt ma ogromne znaczenie geopolityczne gdyż umożliwi Chinom bezpośrednie połączenie z wybrzeżem Oceanu Indyjskiego. Ponadto pomoże on w aktywizacji gospodarczej Regionu Autonomicznego Sinkiang Ujgurski (Uighur-Xinjiang), czemu służyć ma utworzenie Kaszgarskiej Specjalnej Strefy Ekonomicznej, gdzie ma się rozpocząć masowa produkcja tanich wyrobów przemysłowych przeznaczonych na eksport. Projektowany Korytarz znacznie skróci szlaki eksportowe do Europy i ułatwi import surowców z Afryki. Dla Pakistanu Korytarz oznacza uzyskanie dostępu do chińskiej technologii, co pomoże temu państwu zredukować dystans technologiczny, jaki dzieli je od Indii – głównego geopolitycznego rywala. Ponadto Projekt obejmuje inne inwestycje, a m.in. przewiduje budowę gazociągu z Iranu do Pakistanu, w następnie także do Chin. Oprócz tego przewidziane są wspólne przedsięwzięcia w przemyśle zbrojeniowym, w tym budowa nowych modeli czołgów, samolotów bojowych i okrętów wojennych.

EN

China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a name indicating a wide range of Chinese $46 billion worth investment in infrastructure that will be implemented in the near future in Pakistan. These include power plants, roads, railways, and above all the construction of a strategic seaport in Gwadar. In this way, China will gain control over an important transit route, connecting Central Asia to the coast of the Indian Ocean. This will serve them for the opening of Uighur-Xinjiang to the world. This would make possible the effective use of Kashgar Special Economic Zone for the production of cheaper goods. It also seriously shorten the route which the goods are exported to Europe and the raw materials imported mainly from Africa. For Pakistan CPEC means access to a relatively modern technology which could allow this state to reduce the technological gap and distance to India - the main arch-rival of Pakistan. CPEC is also accompanied by investments such as the construction of a gas pipeline from Iran to Pakistan (and perhaps in the future to China) and joint ventures in the armaments industry (new models of tanks, aircraft and ships).

3

Bilateralizm czy multilateralizm – preferowane formy współpracy gospodarczej Indii oraz Pakistanu z Chińską Republiką Ludową

67%

Iwan J.

Studia Orientalne

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2022

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issue 3(23)

7-18

RU

Индия и Пакистан выбрали разные пути развития экономических отношений с Китайской Народной Республикой. Нью-Дели сосредоточивается на развитии экономических отношений с Пекином посредством сотрудничества в рамках многосторонних форматов, таких как Азиатский банк инфраструктурных инвестиций, в то время, как Исламабад предпочитает укреплять экономические связи в рамках двусторонних соглашений, в первую очередь с Китайско-пакистанским экономическим коридором. Цель настоящей публикации заключается в показании основных причин, по которым Индия и Пакистан отдают предпочтение различным формам экономического сотрудничества с Китаем. Анализ состоит из описания экономического профиля Индии, Пакистана и Китайской Народной Республики, а также краткого описания двусторонних и многосторонних проектов, реализуемых на линиях Нью-Дели-Пекин и Исламабад-Пекин.

EN

India and Pakistan have adopted different paths of developing economic relations with the People’s Republic of China. New Delhi focuses on advancing economic relations with Beijing through cooperation within multilateral formats, such as Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, while Islamabad prefers strengthening economic ties through bilateral agreements, with the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor at the forefront. This article aims to show the main causes why India and Pakistan favor different forms of economic cooperation with China. The analysis consists of the description of the economic profile of India, Pakistan, and the People’s Republic of China, as well as an outline of bilateral and multilateral projects implemented on the New Delhi-Beijing, and Islamabad-Beijing lines.

4

The Implications of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor for Pakistan–European Union Relations

67%

Nitza-Makowska A.

Nowa Polityka Wschodnia

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2020

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vol. 1(24)

28–41

EN

The China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) holds the potential to transform Pakistan along with its turbulent regional environment. In the short run, the multiple networks of infrastructure that the project provides will eventually improve Pakistan–European Union (EU) trade. Moreover, while the CPEC is unlikely to bring an immediate strategic shift in the bilateral dialogue, which is particularly lacking in political dynamics, its long-run promises can help to foster such dynamics. The project, if successful, can help Pakistan to establish a peaceful domestic environment and subsequently promote the country’s fresh image to reverse its soft power losses in Europe and beyond. This paper investigates contemporary Pakistan–EU relations, which have so far attracted little attention from international relations scholars. It presents the bilateral dynamics in the context of the CPEC, which is an unprecedented investment by China in Pakistan. The paper concludes by shedding light on the differences between China’s and the EU’s strategies vis-à-vis Pakistan. Despite the fact that the study focuses on one particular South Asian state, it can serve as a case study for the comparative analysis of China’s and the EU’s presence in third countries, especially those that, like Pakistan, have joined the Belt and Road Initiative. The China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) holds the potential to transform Pakistan along with its turbulent regional environment. In the short run, the multiple networks of infrastructure that the project provides will eventually improve Pakistan–European Union (EU) trade. Moreover, while the CPEC is unlikely to bring an immediate strategic shift in the bilateral dialogue, which is particularly lacking in political dynamics, its long-run promises can help to foster such dynamics. The project, if successful, can help Pakistan to establish a peaceful domestic environment and subsequently promote the country’s fresh image to reverse its soft power losses in Europe and beyond. This paper investigates contemporary Pakistan–EU relations, which have so far attracted little attention from international relations scholars. It presents the bilateral dynamics in the context of the CPEC, which is an unprecedented investment by China in Pakistan. The paper concludes by shedding light on the differences between China’s and the EU’s strategies vis-à-vis Pakistan. Despite the fact that the study focuses on one particular South Asian state, it can serve as a case study for the comparative analysis of China’s and the EU’s presence in third countries, especially those that, like Pakistan, have joined the Belt and Road Initiative.

RU

Китайско-пакистанский экономический коридор (CPEC) может изменить Паки¬стан вместе с его нестабильной международной обстановкой. В краткосрочной перспективе инфраструктурные сети, созданные в рамках проекта, улучшат торговлю между Пакистаном и Европейским Союзом (ЕС). Однако улучшение торговых отношений не приведет к стратегическому прорыву в тех двусторонних отношениях, в которых отсутствует прежде всего политическая динамика, стиму¬лировать которую могут долгосрочные последствия CPEC. Проект, если он будет завершен, создаст Пакистану возможность продвигать свой новый имидж и, как следствие, компенсировать потери мягкой силы в Европе и мире. В данной статье рассматриваются отношения между Пакистаном и ЕС, которые не привлекают значительного внимания со стороны исследователей международных отношений. В статье представлены двусторонние отношения в контексте беспрецедентных инвестиций Китая в Пакистанe. И наконец, статья проливает свет на различия в стратегиях Китая и ЕС по отношению к Пакистану. Хотя она посвящена Па¬кистану, может служить примером сравнительных исследований присутствия ЕС и Китая в странах, особенно в тех, которые, как и Пакистан, присоединились к китайской инициативе «Пояс и дорога».

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The New Challenges to the Equilibrium within the “China – India – Pakistan” Triangle: Political and Economic Aspects

Nowy jedwbny szlak - geopolityczne zanczenie współpracy Pekinu z Islamabadem

Bilateralizm czy multilateralizm – preferowane formy współpracy gospodarczej Indii oraz Pakistanu z Chińską Republiką Ludową

The Implications of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor for Pakistan–European Union Relations