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EN
In recent years Poland has been undergoing rapid socio-cultural changes. Along with these changes one can observe a systematic decline in the importance of religious life. This leads to reflection on the direction and depth of transformations, and consequently on the place of religion in the life of future generations. The study attempts to statistically present the religious situation of the inhabitants of Cieszyn Silesia. This is a very specific region mainly due to the diversity of confessions. Historical conditions, as well as the current religious structure make this subject difficult to study, but at the same time very interesting. For a more complete picture, the data from the beginning of the 20th century, as well as from the present day, were used.
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EN
Jan Śliwka (1823–1874) was a teacher, reporter, author of textbooks, presbyter of the evangelical Church in Cieszyn and also one of the leading Polish nationalist activists in the district of Cieszyn Silesia. The present article contains an edition of a valuable source to Jan Śliwka’s biography which up until now has been unknown to scholars. The source in question is Śliwka’s last will which was drawn up on 23 June 1873 and is currently to be found in the State Archive in Cieszyn. The source may also be used in research on the mentality of the Polish intelligentsia of peasant origin belonging to the Augsburg evangelical church. It also gives one an idea about the quality of the Polish language used by the graduates of the evangelical high school and the six-week teacher training course in Cieszyn.
EN
The article shows the role of the Polish press in the military conflict between Poland and Czechoslovakia about Cieszyn Silesia that took place in January and February 1919. The press at that time was of key significance due to many reasons. One of them was that local politicians were often editors and journalists of these magazines. The author analyses the articles of particular press titles, not only those that were pro-Polish, but he also takes into account the Pro-Czechoslovak ones, associated with the Józef Kożdoń’s Movement. The author shows that the press had both an informational and propagandist function. He also points out the similarities and differences in the propagandist activity in the pro-Polish press, determined by the political affiliation of the particular magazine. The author presents the methods of the press propaganda, so that in specific local circles they played a role of the pro-Polish or pro-Czechoslovak factor.
EN
For the residents of Cieszyn Silesia, especially Czech, the establishment of national boundaries along the course of the Olza River in 1920, meant that they had to form a new picture of the world and determine their own place in the community, which also had to be redefined. For Zaolzie residents, the process of constructing their own identity depends on mechanisms of competition, negotiation and power (media, education and administration). It also is a consequence of the recognition of the boundary as something natural and “ever” existent. The clash of different self-identifications is seen on the symbolic level, especially linguistic.
EN
The article begins by introducing the beginnings of schooling in the Teschen Silesia region. It thencontinues to map the situation after the introduction of compulsory education. The development of schools and the network of schooling institutions are covered, as well as school curricula and the position and competence of teachers in the 17th to 19th centuries. Physical didactic aids of this period are examined, especially textbooks. Finally, the article deals with the issues connected with Germanisation and the national struggle nd awareness of the Polish population in the eschen Silesia region; with the impact of Hasner’s law (Leopold Hasner von Artha) on the development of he national school system in the region; with important figures and organisations that played a ignificant role in the political, cultural and economic changes in society in Teschen Silesia.
PL
The article shows the role of the Polish press in the military conflict between Poland and Czechoslovakia about Cieszyn Silesia that took place in January and February 1919. The press at that time was of key significance due to many reasons. One of them was that local politicians were often editors and journalists of these magazines. The author analyses the articles of particular press titles, not only those that were pro-Polish, but he also takes into account the Pro-Czechoslovak ones, associated with the Józef Kożdoń’s Movement. The author shows that the press had both an informational and propagandist function. He also points out the similarities and differences in the propagandist activity in the pro-Polish press, determined by the political affiliation of the particular magazine. The author presents the methods of the press propaganda, so that in specific local circles they played a role of the pro-Polish or pro-Czechoslovak factor.
EN
Searching for metaphors that allow us to understand the linguistic picture of Cieszyn Silesia and their residents, I refer to the anthology of conversations experienced by people with authority. The conversations influence the change and development of Cieszyn’s microcommunity and borderland (microworld). I analyse the language (common words, terms, names, and especially metaphors). The work includes three parts: the picture of space in metaphors, man in the space of Cieszyn Silesia (truths and myths) and names and brand names in the local microworld. I reach the conclusion that the metaphors describing the local community, one the one hand, grow it on tradition, culture and history and, on the other hand, express the current observations, for example about Cieszyn Silesia and its esotericism. The phenomenon of esotericism serves people’s judgment (as it is stated by some interlocutors) and sustains the opposition: autochthons are from here while strangers are not. The architectural icons of Cieszyn Silesia (for example Rotunda, Piast’s Tower) coexist with, e.g. the local taste (for example, Cieszyn cookies). Out of concern for Cieszyn Silesia identity, the knowledge about the borderland microworld should consciously be passed on from generation to generation.
EN
The article describes the participation of youth from Lesser Poland and Cieszyn Silesia in the fight for the Cieszyn Region and in Silesian Uprisings in the years 1919–1921. Already in November 1918, Polish youth joined Polish military formations in Cieszyn Silesia, and then in January 1919 they took part in the fights with the Czechs for these lands. Later, together with young people from other regions of Lesser Poland, they took part in the fight for Lviv. Subsequent Silesian uprisings were supported by young inhabitants of the whole of Lesser Poland, both through participation in the propaganda campaign, as well as in bloody fights and guard duty at the border. A number of them died, and their heroic deeds are evidenced by the battle decorations awarded to them. Faithful to the idea of fighting for independence, they took part in taking over power in the Polish lands, and then joined the ranks of defenders of these lands in large numbers and contributed to shaping the borders of the Second Polish Republic.
EN
The situation of Zaolzie, a historical and geographical part of Cieszyn Silesia, is complicated. Despite the years of appurtenance to Czechia and Chechoslovakia there is still active Polish residence and both nations continue to share their history. In this article I intend to show the tense Polish-Czech relationship in Zaolzie presented in Dziennik. Zapiski bibliofila i dziejopisa 1963–1995 by Jerzy Pilch, a writer and essayist from Ustroń. This will be shown in the context of local memory and activist memory stressing the Polishness of the region. It will be possible to analyze how the ideological dimension of the identity is interwoven with an effort to bring about a narrative restoration of Zaolzie, divided by an arbitrary border.
PL
In Cieszyn Silesia (the eastern part of the crownland of Austrian Silesia) from the time local government was introduced in 1864 until 1918 it is possible to identify 1332 village mayors (German: Gemeindevorsteher; Polish: wójt; Czech: starosta). Of these, at least 1006 (almost 76 per cent) had another village mayor in Cieszyn Silesia in their ‘kindred circle’, which includes second-degree relatives according to canonical computation, as well as witnesses at weddings and baptisms of their closest family (children, parents, siblings). The uninterrupted lineage of these types of relationships connected at least 875 village mayors, or 66 per cent of all those known. Thus the partial democratisation at the level of local self-government led to a kind of oligarchy, with the position of the village head being assumed by wealthy peasant families who all had connections to one another. Outside of the ‘kindred circle’, there were the factory owners and officials of archdukes and counts, who took the position of village mayor in industrialised areas, as well as a few Jewish village mayors and probably the majority of village mayors from the mountain villages. The question examined here is whether the situation looked similar in other parts of the Habsburg monarchy, or whether Cieszyn Silesia stood out in this respect. This question remains unanswered due to the lack of analogous studies on village mayors.
EN
The starting point of this article is an attempt to answer the following question: why did some peasants in Cieszyn Silesia choose to convert to Catholicism during the Counter-Reformation (1654–1781), while others remained Protestant? This article analyzes the denominational choices of one ordinary peasant family living in Cieszyn Silesia at the time – the Suchanek family, who resided in the village of Brzezówka (now in the Cieszyn district), belonged to the Teschener Kammer (Komora Cieszyńska, Těšínská komora), a princely state owned by the Habsburg family. Contrary to claims made in existing literature, there is no evidence linking an individual’s affluence to their choice of denomination. The decisive factor was in fact the individual’s wife’s denomination – to put it in simple terms, some put emphasis on which church to go to, while others put emphasis on who they go to church with.
Ecumeny and Law
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2022
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vol. 10
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issue 1
99-112
EN
There are places where the ecumenical movement is born and grows out of the very essence of social and cultural reality. Cieszyn Silesia belongs to one of such places. Situated on the meeting point of various nationalities, cultures, and Churches, it constitutes a border region in a literal and symbolic sense. This region has become the home for the largest population of the Lutherans in Poland. The ecumenical movement which has been born and developed here is a necessary and inevitable consequence of such coexistence of Churches - the Roman Catholic Church and the Lutheran. Both Churches have become symbols of ecumenical life based on faith, tolerance, experience and respect. Nowadays all of these factors create a modern ecumenism. Ecumenism in Cieszyn Silesia has a very long and rich history. The phenomenon of Churches’ coexistence appeared almost five centuries ago. It means that the ecumenical movement had existed here long before the Catholic Church promulgated the encyclical Ut unum sint. On the basis of the examples of the ecumenical relationships mentioned in the article, it can be said that the look of the “wise” today at its “yesterday” helps to build a better “tomorrow”. Therefore it can be said that on the basis of a well-lived present, firmly rooted in history, rises a favourable hope for the future of the Church. Presenting the reception of John Paul’s II Ut unum sint among the multi-denominational population of Cieszyn Silesia one could quote Reverend Professor Wacław Hryniewicz, one of the most remarkable Polish ecumenists: “An authentic reception can be achieved only when the partners differ from each other because diversity enables the true relation of giving and taking.”
PL
Artykuł przedstawia losy chłopskiego rodu Brannych, osiadłego w Sibicy koło Cieszyna (obecnie w granicach Czeskiego Cieszyna), od XVII do początku XX wieku. Branni zaliczali się do grona „siedlaków”, czyli bogatych chłopów. Do ważniejszych przedstawicieli rodu należeli Jan (1841–1917), wójt Sibicy, polski działacz narodowy i społeczny, jego synowie Rudolf (1879–1968), ekonom w Styrii, później dzierżawca folwarków w Kostkowicach i Simoradzu, i Alojzy (1883–1941), polski działacz narodowy, wójt Sibicy i Żukowa Górnego, oraz wnukowie Rudolf (1910–1964), notariusz i działacz społeczny, i Ernest (1898–1937), komendant straży pożarnej w Sibicy. Artykuł dostarcza materiału do badań nad elitami chłopskimi na Śląsku Cieszyńskim, imiennictwem chłopów i ich polityką małżeńską. Może być wykorzystany do monografii wsi Sibica.
EN
The article presents the history of the Branny peasant family, settled in Sibica near Cieszyn (now located within the boundaries of Český Těšín), from the 17th century to the beginning of the 20th century. The Branny family belonged to a group of the so-called „siedlaki”, which was a local term for wealthy peasants. The most distinguished representatives of the family include Jan (1841–1917), a mayor of Sibica and Polish national and social activist, his sons Rudolf (1879–1968), an economist living in Styria, later a tenant of farms in Kostkowice and Simoradz, and Alojzy (1883–1941), a Polish national activist, mayor of Sibica and Żuków Górny (Horní Žukov), and his grandsons Rudolf (1910–1964), a notary and social activist, and Ernest (1898–1937), a fire chief of Sibica. The article provides material for researches on peasant elites living in Cieszyn Silesia, peasant names and their marriage policy. It can be used for writing monographs concerning the village of Sibica.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest prywatnym izbom regionalnym, kolekcjom, muzeom zakładanym przez stowarzyszenia społeczne i osoby będące fascynatami lokalnej przeszłości, historii, kultury i dziedzictwa. Z jednej strony są one rodzajem miejsc pamięci, z drugiej zaś są atrakcją turystyczną. Ich pojawienie się można wyjaśniać jako manifestację tożsamości kulturowej oraz reakcję na zmiany, jakie przyniosła nowoczesność i globalizacja.
EN
The article discusses private folk exhibition rooms, collections and museums founded by non-governmental organizations or enthusiasts of local communities’ past, history, culture and heritage. On the one hand, those places are a kind of sites of memory (lieux de mémoire), on the other, they are tourist attractions. Their appearance can be described as manifestation of cultural identity and response to changes introduced, by modernity and globalization.
Edukacja Międzykulturowa
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2017
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vol. 7
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issue 2
296-308
EN
Educational activeness of senior citizens is an important issue as the dynamics of the changes taking place in various spheres of life requires from them the systematic acquisition and updating of knowledge. Many organizations and institutions create favourable conditions for the oldest age group to develop skills, increase qualifications and acquire knowledge. A lot of significance in this respect is attributed to the third age universities.The presented study is aimed at drawing attention to the role of the Third Age University in Cieszyn and the Cross-Generation Regional University in Czech Cieszyn in lifelong education of senior citizens inhabiting both parts of Cieszyn Silesia. These universities have become a place for deepening the bonds and cross-generation contacts. Referring to the theory of activeness, both institutions enable the elderly fulfilling alternative social roles and, in this way, enhance their self-development.
PL
Kwestia aktywności edukacyjnej seniorów jest istotnym zagadnieniem, gdyż dynamika zachodzących w różnych sferach życia przemian wymaga od osób starszych systematycznego zdobywania oraz aktualizowania wiedzy. Wiele organizacji, instytucji i placówek stwarza dogodne warunki do rozwijania umiejętności, podnoszenia kwalifikacji oraz przyswajania wiedzy najstarszej grupie wiekowej. Szczególne znaczenie w tym zakresie przypisuje się uniwersytetom trzeciego wieku. Celem tego opracowania jest zwrócenie uwagi na znaczenie Cieszyńskiego Uniwersytetu Trzeciego Wieku oraz Międzygeneracyjnego Uniwersytetu Regionalnego w Czeskim Cieszynie w edukacji całożyciowej seniorów zamieszkujących polską i czeską część Śląska Cieszyńskiego. Uniwersytety te stają się miejscem zacieśniania więzi oraz kontaktów międzygeneracyjnych. W odniesieniu do teorii aktywności zapewniają seniorom wypełnianie alternatywnych ról społecznych, a co za tym idzie, przyczyniają się do samorozwoju osób starszych.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia zarys dziejów chłopskiego rodu Miencielów/Mięcielów, przede wszystkim skupiając się na linii osiadłej od 1720 roku w Marklowicach koło Cieszyna. Jej najbardziej znanym przedstawicielem był Paweł (ur. 1881), nauczyciel w Międzyświeciu i Gruszowie, dyrektor Publicznej Szkoły Ludowej (ewangelickiej) we Lwowie, przed 1920 rokiem działacz proniemieckiej Śląskiej Partii Ludowej. Zebrany materiał może być wykorzystany do badań między innymi nad imiennictwem chłopów i przebiegiem kontrreformacji na Śląsku Cieszyńskim (Miencielowie przeszli z protestantyzmu na katolicyzm, ale jeden z przedstawicieli rodu po 1781 roku, zapewne pod wpływem matki-luteranki, przeszedł na protestantyzm).
EN
The article presents an outline of the history of the peasant family named Mienciel/Mięciel, primarily focusing on the line settled in 1720 in Marklowice near Cieszyn. Its most famous representative was Paweł (born in 1881), a teacher in Międzyświeć and Gruszów and a headmaster of the People's (Evangelical) School in Lviv, who before 1920 was an activist of the pro-German Silesian People's Party. The collected material can be used for research, among others, over the peasant family names and the course of the Counter-Reformation in Cieszyn Silesia (the Mienciel family converted from Protestantism to Catholicism, but after 1781 one of the family members, probably under the influence of the Lutheran mother, converted to Protestantism).
PL
As part of the modernisation process, the authorities of major European countries ascribed to teachers of people’s schools the role of educating the lower strata of society (inhabitants of villages, manual workers, etc.). Similarly, they put this professional group in charge of the realisation of the hidden purpose of state education: shaping subjects so that they would accept the social and political order. Given their required education and the social tasks they undertook, it was assumed folk teachers would be associated with opinion-forming groups and the intelligentsia. However, in fact, for a long time, they were denied belonging to either of these groups. During the long nineteenth century, they had to struggle with a negative reception of their efforts in those circles in which the school and the teacher were perceived as unnecessary institutions. In most regions of Central Europe, for example in Austrian Silesia, thanks to the improvements of the professional competencies of the teachers and their dedication in fulfilling their obligations, both at school and outside it, the teachers and their organisations were successful in changing this perception of them. They were also actively involved in the political activities of various national camps. Nevertheless, in most official institutions, they were not the ones making the most important decisions concerning elementary education. At the same time, however, without their cooperation, none of the educational and social plans would have been implemented in practice.Thanks to their participation in the public life of local communities, especially rural ones, over time they became the new opinion-formers, playing the role of an intelligentsia that works among the people. They were not only elementary education specialists, but also pedagogues, activity-inspirers for the adult inhabitants, and experts in dealing with all kinds of situations and emergency issues.
EN
The notary Andrzej Cinciała (1825–1898) of Cieszyn left behind his Diary, written in 1846–1853. In his notes, which he kept regularly, almost daily in the early years, we find a detailed description of the activities of both the author and his circle of friends, including those forming the Polish national movement in Cieszyn Silesia. Diary contains numerous apt observations on everyday life, including the author’s opinions about the clergy of the time. The article, which is based on analysis of the contents of Diary, attempts to present issues concerning reception of the work of priests and pastors influencing the educational fate of secondary school pupils from Cieszyn Silesia. It would be a truism to point out that for generations the clergy have served as mentors and arbitrators for certain layers of society. However, contrary to the traditional view put forth by Polish historiography, among them therewere not only charismatic leaders, but also people who avoided honest service.
EN
During the period of the First Republic, a numerous Polish was living in the territory of Cieszyn Silesia, a region which always had great economic and strategic importance for the Czechoslovak Republic. After the deterioration of Czechoslovak-Polish relations and the initiation of Polish diversion operations in Cieszyn Silesia in 1935, the Czechoslovak authorities reached for repressive measures against members of the Polish minority; among these actions, they launched an operation of transferring railway workers of Polish nationality into the midlands in the years 1935-1936. This article is based in study of official government documents, particularly from the Ministry of Railways, the Police Office in Moravian Ostrava, nationalist associations (Slezská Matice osvěty lidové) and also the Polish general consulate in Moravian Ostrava. The selection of documents makes up a significant portion of the article.
EN
The Palarczyk family was a peasant family originating from the village of Szobiszowice (Soběšovice). The article presents the history of the first generations of the family (until the end of the 18th century) and the fate of the most famous family line, descending from Jan (1705–1765), an innkeeper in Stanisłowice (Stanislavice) and Kocobędz (Chotěbuz). The most famous representative of the family was Karol (1879–1940), a farmer in Goleszów, and a member of the National Council of the Duchy of Cieszyn. Additionally, two general issues were raised using the example of the Palarczyk family. The first is the functioning of peasant elites in the Duchy of Cieszyn, the second - language issues. The Palarczyk family in Szobiszowice spoke Czech (Moravian), whereas the Palarczyk family from the Cierlice parish spoke Polish. A detailed analysis confirms the clear Czech/Moravian-Polish linguistic border indicated, among others, by church sources and the topography of Reginald Kneifel. At the same time these findings force us to reject the theses about the supposed "linguistic transition area" to the west of the Olza River.
PL
Palarczykowie byli rodem chłopskim wywodzącym się ze wsi Szobiszowice (Soběšovice). Artykuł przedstawia dzieje pierwszych pokoleń rodziny (do końca XVIII w.) oraz losy najbardziej znanej linii rodu, wywodzącej się od Jana (1705–1765), karczmarza w Stanisłowicach (Stanislavice) i Kocobędzu (Chotěbuz). Najsłynniejszym przedstawicielem rodu był Karol (1879–1940), rolnik w Goleszowie, członek Rady Narodowej Księstwa Cieszyńskiego. Dodatkowo na przykładzie Palarczyków poruszono dwie kwestie ogólne. Pierwszą jest funkcjonowanie elit chłopskich w Księstwie Cieszyńskim, drugą – zagadnienia językowe. Palarczykowie w Szobiszowicach mówili językiem czeskim (morawskim), Palaczykowie z parafii cierlickiej językiem polskim. Szczegółowa analiza potwierdza wyraźną granicę językową czesko/morawsko-polską wskazywaną m.in. przez źródła kościelne i topografię Reginalda Kneifela, a jednocześnie każe odrzucić tezy o rzekomo „terenie przejściowym językowym” na zachód od rzeki Olzy.
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