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Citizenship in Europe: The Main Stages of Development of the Idea and Institution

100%
Trzciński K.
Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs
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2021
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vol. 25
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issue 1
7-31
EN
This paper identifies and synthetically demonstrates the most important steps and changes in the evolution of the idea and institution of citizenship in Europe over more than two thousand years. Citizenship is one of the essential categories defining human status. From a historical perspective, the idea of citizenship in Europe is in a state of constant evolution. Therefore, the essence of the institution of citizenship and its acquisition criteria are continually being transformed. Today's comprehension of citizenship is different from understanding citizenship in Europe in earlier epochs of history. In some of them, the concept of citizenship existed only in the realm of ideas. In others, the idea materialised, and membership in the state (or city) and civic rights and obligations found a formal, legal expression. The formation of the idea and institution of citizenship is a long and multi-phase process.
2
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Obywatel i państwo w warunkach kryzysu w UE na początku XXI wieku

100%
Kłusak M.
Studia Ekonomiczne
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2015
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vol. 210
149-157
EN
Crisis is a test on efficiency and stability of political system, on its ability of reac-tion against instable balance and conflict. The feature of contemporary citizen society is high dynamics of development as well as increasing susceptibility to crisis. Crisis forces rationalization of development strategy and reduction of structures. It not only means ra¬tionalization of expenses and orientation towards growth, but also elimination of redun¬dant institution. European Union experienced in the crisis the necessity of using regula¬tions which can bring the balance back. The difficulty in such situations in to combine economic rightness with the primacy of political one.
3
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Obywatel spotyka państwo - dyskusja redakcyjna wokół książki Karoliny Sztandar-Sztanderskiej

94%
Sztandar-Sztanderska K., Zybała A., Kaźmierczak T., Kubicki P., Warczok T., Zahorska M., Zarycki T.
Studia z Polityki Publicznej
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2017
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vol. 4
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issue 2(14)
147-172
EN
The book addresses issues related to labor market policy, shows the relevant mechanisms of its research, programming and implementation, and its subject is, in particular, the analysis of the situation of employees of employment offices and the unemployed themselves. The book is multidimensional. For me, the first part, in which the author presents his view on trends in the policy of the labor market that are decreasing in the environment of our science, presents to me a special focus. Recognizes the disproportionate emphasis on the analysis of legal acts, on "official documents, on target-set objectives, often unrealistic." He points to the dean of the research perspective in which the official who is the "face of the state" is present, which determines the quality of public service , de "perspectives of the final recipient", i.e. a citizen (quality of services for a citizen).
PL
Książka porusza zagadnienia dotyczące polityki rynku pracy, pokazuje istotne mechanizmy jej badania, programowania i wdrażania, a jej przedmiotem jest zwłaszcza analiza sytuacji pracowników urzędów pracy i samych bezrobotnych. Książka jest wielowymiarowa. Dla mnie szczególne znaczenie ma pierwsza część, w której autorka przedstawia swoje spojrzenie na istniejące w środowisku naszej nauki tendencje w zakresie sposobów badania zjawisk w polityce rynku pracy. Dostrzega nieproporcjonalny nacisk na analizę aktów prawnych, specjalnych dokumentów, na odgórnie wyznaczane cele, często nierealistyczne. Wskazuje na deficyt perspektywy badawczej, w której obecny jest urzędnik będący "twarzą państwa", od którego pracy zależy jakość usługi publicznej, deficyt perspektywy "końcowego odbiorcy", czyli obywatela (jakość usług dla obywatela).
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