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EN
The aim of the paper is to compile a list of typical complaints that a Greek soldier of the Classical period might have had. For that purpose, the author analyses the great war narratives of that time: Histories by Herodotus, History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides Xenophon’s Hellenica, Anabasis, and Agesilaus.
PL
The article deals with the problem of representation in Greek Classical art. The authoranalyses the idea of man from the perspective of the Greek natural tendency to representvarious phenomena in the form of human figure. The notion of idea of man as a metaphysicalfigure shall be, however, understood not only as a psychisation of the image butbroadly as the element of the process of antropomorphisation of the surrounding realityas well as giving human form to various phenomena including transcendent ones, e.g.the antropomorphisation of the images of gods. In case of the Greek image, an idea ofman understood as a metaphysical figure reveals a man his being through the constantlyundertaken attempt to appear fulfilment. Simultaneously, in the world of senses, this fulfilmententails the dissolution of the metaphysical secret.
EN
Archaeological excavation in the chora of Akra, a Greek colony situated to the south of Pantikapaion and Nymphaion in the Kerch peninsula, was launched in the 1980s by staff from the Kerch Museum. Since 2002, the Ukrainian-Russian Expedition of Donetsk University and the State Hermitage in St Petersburg have operated on the Zavetnoe 5 site, most probably the main part of this chora, which dates from the late 6th to the first decades of the 3rd century BC. During the years 2009 and 2010, academic staff and students from the Krakow Jagiellonian University in Poland joined this expedition. The preliminary results of our work will be briefly presented in this article.
EN
The article deals with the problem of representation in Greek Classical art. The authoranalyses the idea of man from the perspective of the Greek natural tendency to representvarious phenomena in the form of human figure. The notion of idea of man as a metaphysicalfigure shall be, however, understood not only as a psychisation of the image butbroadly as the element of the process of antropomorphisation of the surrounding realityas well as giving human form to various phenomena including transcendent ones, e.g.the antropomorphisation of the images of gods. In case of the Greek image, an idea ofman understood as a metaphysical figure reveals a man his being through the constantlyundertaken attempt to appear fulfilment. Simultaneously, in the world of senses, this fulfilmententails the dissolution of the metaphysical secret.
PL
Artykuł omawia problematykę chorób, na które zapadali Majowie w okresie prehiszpańskim i prezentuje ówczesne sposoby leczenia różnych schorzeń. Praca podzielona została na sześć części i wstęp; ponadto dołączona została tabela roślin leczniczych używanych przez Majów do dziś. W pierwszych trzech częściach, dzięki zachowanym współczesnym źródłom, prezentowane są osiągnięcia medycyny ludowej Mezoameryki. Źródła archeologiczne dostarczają ważnych informacji na temat chorób, nękających Majów w okresie przed hiszpańskim podbojem, zwłaszcza w okresie klasycznym (250-900 r. n.e.). Niestety, hiszpańska konkwista przyniosła regres w osiągnięciach medycyny Majów. Ostatnia część artykułu próbuje zrekonstruować sposoby leczenia Majów na podstawie kuracji aplikowanych przez Ah-Meno’ob.
EN
The article discusses the problems of treatment in Mayan culture the pre-Hispanic epoch, and it consists of six parts as well as an introduction and the table of applications of medicinal plants used by the Mayas up to nowadays. In the first parts, the contemporary sources of the science related to Mesoamericans folk medicine is presented. The archaeological sources provided important information about the diseases that plagued the Mayas in the days before the Spanish conquest, especially in the classical period (250-900 AD). Unfortunately, Spanish Conquest brought a regress in Mayas medicine. The last part of the article attempts to reconstruct Mayans treatment based on a current practice by Ah-Meno’ob.
PL
Położona u wybrzeży Azji Mniejszej wyspa Rodos jest terenem, na którym w starożytności ścierały się wpływy kulturowe i ekonomiczne płynące z Azji Mniejszej oraz ze świata greckiego. Sytuacja ta widoczna jest w mennictwie ośrodków rodyjskich w okresach archaicznym i klasycznym. Trzy rodyjskie poleis, Ialysos, Lindos i Kamiros emitowały własne monety od ostatniej ćwierci VI w. p.n.e. do 408/407 r. p.n.e., tj. do czasu założenia miasta Rodos. Ikonografia monetarna oraz systemy wagowe, w których wybijano monety odzwierciedlają zmiany polityczne i powiązania gospodarcze. Na produkcję monetarną istotny wpływ wywarły powiązania handlowe – przez Rodos prowadziły szlaki handlowe wiążące Grecję z Azja Mniejszą, Lewantem i Egiptem. Sytuacja ta znalazła swoje odbicie w rozlokowaniu skarbów zawierających monety ośrodków rodyjskich. Szczególny charakter ma dyskusja nad produkowanymi na Rodos monetami elektronowymi.
EN
The island of Rhodes, situated near Asia Minor, was an area in which cultural and economic influences from Asia Minor and the Greek world met in Antiquity. Effects of this situation are visible in the coinages of the Rhodian poleis in the Archaic and Classical periods. Ialysos, Lindos and Kamiros issued coins from the last quarter of the 6th century BC to 408/407 BC, i.e. to the time of founding of the city of Rhodes. The history of the coinage of each city is discussed. Coin iconography and different weight systems used in coin production are related to the prevailing political and economic situation. The trade connections of the three Rhodian poleis with Asia Minor, the Levant and Egypt also had a strong influenced on Rhodian coinage. These trade relations well attested by the location of coin hoards consisting of coins of Ialysos, Lindos and Kamiros. Special attention is given to the electrum coins minted by the Rhodian poleis. A special topic of the discussion is the reasons why electrum coinage was produced.
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