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1

Council of Europe in the Debate about Environmental Protection and Climate Change. Facing a Democratic Challenge in the 21st Century.

100%
Machińska H.
Yearbook of Polish European Studies
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2013
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vol. 16
s.235-246
EN
The 21st century has been characterised by intense transition and vast challenges. Environmental degradation and climate change are areas that exert enormous impact on the economic, political, cultural and social functioning of regions, nations and society as a whole. The consequences of all these changes are leading to broad divisions throughout the world and large asymmetries in the division of economic inequalities, giving rise to increasing conflicts and serious crises, which in some regions of the world take the form of a mega-crisis. International organisations, non-governmental organisations, outstanding authorities and think-tanks all present various scenarios for the development of the world situation, stressing at the same time the need to eradicate the negative tendencies evoked by environmental pollution and climate change. In this context the role of the Council of Europe and its agencies is enormous. The Council of Europe, an organisation that establishes standards in the area of human rights, democaracy and the rule of law, is responsible for supporting nations in their democratic transformations.The Council, with its myriad of legal achievements and instruments, includning the European Convention on Human Rights, and great institutional potential in the form of the Parliamentary Assembly, the Committee of Ministers, the Commissioner for Human Rights and the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities can be an important partner in the global dialogue aimed at stopping climate change and unfavourable occurrences in the environment. The participation of the Council of Europe in the debate on the preparation of the Global Climate Treaty in 2015 offers it the chance to accomplish its mandate, and at the same time provides it with the opportunity to make use of all its legal achievements and institutional potential.
2
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European Green Deal: The Transformation of Consumer Behaviour and Business Marketing Communication as Opportunities to Increase Consumer Involvement in the Sorting of Waste in Latvia

70%
Blumfelde-Rutka K.
Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs
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2023
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vol. 27
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issue 1
163-176
EN
The European Green Deal is the European Union's latest expression of its ambition to become a world leader in addressing climate change (Kleinberga, 2020). Adaptation to climate change (CCh) is a key priority of the European Union (EU), exemplified by the EU's efforts to become “the first climate-neutral continent” (European Union, 2019) in the world by 2050. This article aims to analyse opportunities to increase consumer involvement in the context of waste sorting and climate change in Latvia, based on theoretical knowledge about consumer behaviour and empirical data analysis, to develop recommendations for marketing communication and consumer behaviour in the context of climate change content for waste management companies. There is a necessity to understand how to increase consumer involvement in waste-sorting due to the increasing amount of waste both in Latvia and the rest of the world. The following research methods have been used: the monographic method, secondary data analysis, the discourse analysis/coding method, the graphical method, and the qualitative method - a focus group interview. The most significant barriers that discourage consumers from sorting waste are the lack of infrastructure, the lack of information on how to sort waste properly and waste's environmental impact, as well as the complex system that allows for differences in waste-sorting between municipalities and even neighbourhoods in the same city. Recommendations were developed
3
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Protection of the Human Right to Water Under International Law - The Need for a New Legal Framework

70%
Daci J.
Academicus. International Scientific Journal
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2012
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issue 06
71-77
EN
The human right to water entitles everyone to sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic uses. An adequate amount of safe water is necessary to prevent death from dehydration, to reduce the risk of water-related disease and to provide for consumption, cooking, personal and domestic hygienic requirements. Indeed, the right to water clearly falls within the category of guarantees essential for securing an adequate standard of living, particularly since it is one of the most fundamental conditions for survival. Thus, the human right to life doesn’t have any sense without the right to water and other vital human rights that are a pre-condition for human life. Consequently, the enjoyment of the human right to water is a prerequisite for the enjoyment of other basic human rights such as the right to the highest attainable standard of health and the rights to adequate housing and adequate food etc. Nevertheless, today in this era of quasi irreversible clime changes as well as very extensive increase use of natural fresh water resources, their quantity and quality is significantly decreased. From this perspective, the future of the entire mankind depends mostly in the preservation of world natural water resources. However their preservation requires from mankind a new world approach that would include inter alia the following steps: the adoption of a new international treaty on world environmental protection, the establishment of the World Water Authority under UN that would deal with issues such as the protection, management and use of international waters, ICJ shall be empowered with biding jurisdiction to exanimate inter-state disputes over international watercourses, a new international treaty on Artic shall be adapted at least to address environmental concerns, and finally International Humanitarian Law shall address other environmental protection issues raised by enormous development of weapons destruction power including avoidance of loopholes that allow derogations from these treaties obligations. Certainly, any failure to do so, will undoubtedly lead mankind to future massive wars that shall be mostly fought for water rather than for oil.
4

Mainstreaming Climate Change. Adaptation into Regional Planning of Least Developed Countries: Strategy Implications for Regions in Bangladesh

70%
Rakibul A., Khalid Md. B.
Management of Sustainable Development
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2014
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vol. 6
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issue 1
5-17
EN
The purpose of the study is to assess the search for mainstreaming climate change adaptation into regional planning of least developed countries (LDCs) and draw strategy implications for regions in Bangladesh. The findings of the study revealed that national adaptation programme of action (NAPAs) in least developed countries were being gender-blind and failed to be properly implemented. Least developed countries should therefore do more to prepare for ongoing and future climate changes focusing on actions that are no-regrets, multi-sectoral and multi-level, and that improve the management of current climate variability. Strengthening capacities to use climate information, enabling locally appropriate responses, screening climate risks, assessing risks and adaptation options, starting with existing policies and plans, broadening constituencies beyond environment agencies, managing strategy conflicts, learning from projects and recognizing their limitations, monitoring and learning are the foreseen strategic actions by regions in Bangladesh for effective mainstreaming of climate change adaptation into regional development planning in the years to come.
5
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Biden’s Burden: Cleaning up Trump’s environmental mess

61%
Cole D. H.
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
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2021
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vol. 19
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issue 2
43-68
PL
Zanim Stany Zjednoczone będą w stanie zrobić postęp w dziedzinie polityki klimatycznej czy, mówiąc ogólniej, polityce środowiskowej, nowa administracja Josepha R. Bidena musi najpierw naprawić zniszczenia dokonane przez jego poprzednika na urzędzie prezydenckim, który rozmontował działającą do tej pory politykę klimatyczną USA, wyprowadził kraj z Porozumienia Paryskiego i rozpoczął proces odbierania Agencji Ochrony Środowiska (EPA) możliwości przeciwdziałania trucicielom. Sądy blokowały niektóre z bardziej jawnych antyśrodowiskowych polityk forsowanych przez Administrację Trumpa z uwagi na naruszenia Ustawy o Procedurach Administracyjnych z roku 1946 i/lub wyraźnych postanowień zawartych w statutach o ochronie środowiska (takich jak Ustawa od Czystym Powietrzu lub Ustawa o Czystej Wodzie), ale Administracja Bidena wciąż ma wiele pracy do wykonania w tej kwestii. Do tej pory Biden już ogłosił, że USA powrócą do Porozumienia Paryskiego, jako część swoich planów nie tylko odbudowania lecz także rozszerzenia polityki klimatycznej przyjętej wcześniej przez Administrację Obamy. Niniejszy esej wyjaśnia jak Administracja Bidena planuje osiągnąć cele polityki klimatycznej, stosując w większości te same narzędzia administracyjne jakie Administracja Trumpa wykorzystała ażeby zdemontować politykę klimatyczną z czasów prezydentury Obamy. Autorzy koncentrują się, między innymi, na zaletach i wadach jakie niesie ze sobą administracyjne realizowanie celów raczej niż omawiają procesy prawne typowe dla tego obszaru
EN
Before the US can make progress on climate policy or environmental policy more generally, the new administration of President Joseph R. Biden must first undo the damage created by his predecessor in office, who dismantled existing US climate policy, pulled the US from the Paris Agreement, and sought to disable the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) from regulating polluters. The courts blocked some of the Trump Administration’s more egregious anti-environmental protection policies for violating the 1946 Administrative Procedures Act and/or the express terms of an environmental protection statute (such as the Clean Air Act or Clean Water Act), but the Biden Administration still has a great deal of work to do. Already, Biden has announced that the US will rejoin the Paris Agreement as part of its plans not just to reinstate but to expand on climate policies adopted during the Obama Administration. This essay explains how the Biden Administration plans to achieve these climate policy goals, using mostly the very same administrative tools that the Trump Administration used to undo Obama era climate policies. Inter alia, advantages and disadvantages of pursuing policy goals administratively, rather than through legislative  processes, will be addressed.
6

From Science to Survival: Using Virtual Exhibits to Communicate the Significance of Polar Heritage Sites in the Canadian Arctic

51%
Dawson P., Levy R.
Open Archaeology
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2016
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vol. 2
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issue 1
EN
Many of Canada’s non-Indigenous polar heritage sites exist as memorials to the Heroic Age of arctic and Antarctic Exploration which is associated with such events as the First International Polar Year, the search for the Northwest Passage, and the race to the Poles. However, these and other key messages of significance are often challenging to communicate because the remote locations of such sites severely limit opportunities for visitor experience. This lack of awareness can make it difficult to rally support for costly heritage preservation projects in arctic and Antarctic regions. Given that many polar heritage sites are being severely impacted by human activity and a variety of climate change processes, this raises concerns. In this paper, we discuss how virtual heritage exhibits can provide a solution to this problem. Specifically, we discuss a recent project completed for the Virtual Museum of Canada at Fort Conger, a polar heritage site located in Quttinirpaaq National Park on northeastern Ellesmere Island (http://fortconger.org).
7
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European Climate Law - New legal revolution towards climate neutrality in the EU

41%
Przyborowicz J. S.
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
|
2021
|
vol. 19
|
issue 4
39-53
PL
Europejskie prawo o klimacie stanie się kluczowym elementem przyszłych regulacji UE i procesu stanowienia prawa. Zielony Europejski Ład jako strategia klimatyczno-energetyczna UE stała się istotną podstawą prawa klimatycznego a jest między innymi wynikową zawartych podczas COP21 porozumień paryskich. W obliczu aktualnych wyzwań klimatycznych UE chce zachować rolę i trend lidera w radykalnym zmniejszaniu emisji gazów cieplarnianych na Świecie. Szczególnie z tego powodu potrzebne są nowe ramy regulacyjne. W wyniku tych oczekiwań Komisja Europejska przygotowała Prawo o klimacie wsparte silnym sygnałem politycznym płynącym z Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady Europejskiej, która poprzez podjęte konkluzje w grudniu zeszłego roku w których podjęła stosowne konkluzje. Ponadto ten nowy akt prawny swoją formułą odwołuje się do szeregu aktów prawnych i polityk unijnych, głównie regulacji z zakresu unii energetycznej i wielu innych. Stał się również ważnym sygnałem dla państw członkowskich UE i prowadzenia kompleksowych polityk i planów na rzecz neutralności klimatycznej. Należy również podkreślić, że prawo o klimacie jest swego rodzaju otwarciem na nowe pakiety legislacyjne i potencjalne przyszłe instrumenty finansowe. Czasami decydenci unijni używają terminu „Traktat klimatyczny”, co prawda nie ma to odzwierciedlenia w stanie faktycznym ale w ten sposób próbuje się podkreślić niespotykaną do tej pory kompleksowość dokumentu. Prawo o klimacie zostaje tutaj przybliżone jako kompleksowe narzędzie prawne w kierunku transformacji ekonomicznej UE, która ma doprowadzić do zeroemisyjnej gospodarki.
EN
The European Climate Law (EU Climate Law) shall become a critical element of future EU regulations and law-making process based on the Green Deal (the EU climate and energy strategy) which is the result of the COP21 and the Paris Agreement signed during the conference of the United Nations by its worldwide members. With the current climate challenges, the EU wishes to keep the leading role and set trends towards a radical decrease in GHG emissions. It is especially for this reason that a new regulatory framework was prepared with a com-prehensive support of various EU policies. Accordingly, as a result of those expectations, the European Commission proposed the EU Climate Law endorsed by a strong political signal from the European Parliament and the Council with its declaratory conclusions. This new legal act with its formula refers to many legal acts and the EU policies such as “Fit for 55%” package, and many other energy- and climate-related laws. It developed into an essential signal towards the EU Member States to keep comprehensive policies and plans towards climate neutrality. It should be underlined that this act will be a new ‘opening’ towards upcoming legislative packages and potential financial instruments to come. Occasionally, the EU policymakers use a controversial nomenclature defining the Regulation as “The Climate Treaty” to emphasize the act’s significance and its special regulatory status.The aim of the article is to present and clarify the background of the law-making process of the EU Climate Law and discuss the ongoing wave of the EU’s policies transformation to-wards net zero economy as well as to underline its importance for the future generations. This new legal act with its formula refers to many legal acts and EU policies such as “Fit for 55%” package , and many other energy-and climate related laws. It developed into an essential signal towards the EU Member States to keep comprehensive policies and plans towards climate neutrality. It should be underlined that this act will be a new opener towards upcoming legislative packages and potential financial instruments to come. Occasionally, EU policymakers use a controversial nomenclature defining Regulation as a “Climate Treaty” to emphasize the act’s significance and special regulatory status. The aim of the article is to present and clarify the background of  the law-making process of the EU Climate Law and undercover the ongoing wave of the EU policies transformation towards net zero economy as well as to underline its importance for the future generations.
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