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EN
This article traces travel guides for foreigners published in 1925, 1928 and 1929 by the All-Union Society for Cultural Ties Abroad (VOKS), using as a blueprint guides by the German publisher Baedeker. The aim of the article is to analyze the activities of the VOKS, as well other institutional players engaged in the preparation of the first travel guides for the Soviet Union in the 1920s, as elements of external propaganda of the USSR. Specifically, the article will analyze the structure and content of the Soviet travel guides and compare them with the German travel guide for Southern Russia of 1912. The article also concentrates on the planning, the wiring and printing of the texts, on relations with censorship offices, and on the distribution or even the destruction of all the printed copies. The preparation of the article was thanks to a research grant at the European University Viadrina, Frankfurt/ Oder, Program Erasmus Mundus, 2016.
PL
Although Polish research on the Communist International (Comintern) history began in the interwar period, the existing literature does not constitute a highly-developed field. This becomes particularly evident when Polish studies are compared to research produced in Russia, Germany, the United States, and Italy, or even India and Korea. This state of affairs is, to some degree, a result of political conditions that influenced, and continue to influence, access to archival sources. For this reason, interest in the Comintern after 1989 closely resembles the situation in research on the history of the Communist Party of Poland (KPP), which was, after all, one of the sections of the Third International. In both cases – in research on the Comintern and on the KPP – the focus was on shedding light on historical “blind spots” rather than on developing systematic studies of political organisations. Largely thanks to Professor Jerzy W. Borejsza, improvements have become evident over the past two decades in Polish research on the Comintern and related issues. Indeed, many important case studies have emerged, although what Polish research still lacks are wide-ranging monographs and analytical syntheses. This paper offers a review of Polish historiography’s most important contributions to research on the Comintern, covering the period from the interwar era to the present. It also attempts to outline potential future perspectives in the field, including a brief overview of important international works.
EN
The aim of this study is to evaluate the brief stage of attempts by western European socialist movements to establish cooperation with the Moscowbased Communist International, which since its inception had also been a tool for Soviet foreign policy. In the beginning of the 1920s, a period with an unstable political situation in many of the Central European countries, these efforts may have played a significant role in the future development of the Versailles system. For Soviet foreign policy at the time was oriented against the Versailles system and at the same time they were attempting to surmount the barrier for commercial and economic cooperation with the industrially- developed West. The accessibility of western markets was essential for the renewal of the Soviet economy, which was in a state of chaos after the First World War and the bloody civil war. Moscow therefore purposefully exploited every possible channel for improving its position while at the same time still declaring its orientation towards worldwide socialist revolution. The leadership of the Soviet state was not very invested in cooperation with Western socialist; on the contrary, the political trials in Soviet Russia led to the toughening of repressive measures against ideological opponents. And it is for this reason, among others, that for central European countries it was important to be well informed about Soviet intelligence activities, and by extension also about the activities of the Comintern.
PL
The case of Henryk Dembiński (1908–41) represents the left-wing involvement of Polish intellectuals in the interwar period. After 1945, the party historians left a communist mark on his image. Those in exile also accepted this thesis. In fact, party historians portrayed Dembiński’s life in a one-sided fashion and omitted events inconsistent with their narrative. In light an of relevant accounts and documents, this article shows that Dembiński was neither a member of the communist party nor its youth organisation even though, in 1935–6, he participated in some activities inspired by the Communist Party of Poland (KPP), and edited a periodical supported financially by the KPP. It is unclear whether this was conscious cooperation or a matter of manipulation by the party. In 1937, Dembiński joined the Polish Socialist Party (PPS) and was engaged in catholic activities centre, which the communists at the time perceived as a change of his political views. Nonetheless, after the war, party historians unequivocally stated that he was a communist.
RU
Четверть века назад историки получили доступ к советским архивам. Благодаря этому события Революции 1917 года наконец получили всестороннее непредвзятое освещение со стороны российских ученых. Успех этой работы впечатляет, но и ставит новые задачи, в том числе по осмыслению и контекстуализации деятельности иностранных коммунистов в Советской России после того, как большевики пришли к власти и учредили Коминтерн. К числу таких фигур принадлежит ставший знаменитым и весьма популярным итальянец Антонио Грамши.
EN
A quarter of a century ago, historians gained access to Soviet archives. Consequently, the events of the Revolution of 1917 finally received a comprehensive unbiased coverage by Russian scholars. The success of this work is impressive, but it also sets new tasks including the contextualization of the activities of foreign communists in Soviet Russia after the Bolsheviks came to power and established the Comintern. Among these figures was the famous and very popular Italian Antonio Gramsi.
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