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EN
This paper discusses selected legal issues related to establishing the descent of a child and the possibility of reviewing such cases. The topic is presented from the perspective of fathers, since their biological heritage is most frequently questioned. The paper presents a comparative analysis conducted on the basis of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights and focuses on comparing Polish and German family law. Critical remarks refer mainly to the lack of proper balance between the competing interests of the parties, including time limitations which make the process of reviewing paternity impossible. The study focuses on a unique procedure for determining descent which came into effect in Germany in 2008. This regulation should make it easier for close family members to exercise their right to know their own identity without changing the established legal paternity (Abstammungsklärung — § 1598a BGB). This article attempts to find common ground between the sense of the quality of one’s life and the right to know one’s own identity. The results not only contribute to the academic debate surrounding these issues, but above all aim to improve the quality of law and thus the quality of family life.
EN
The importance of delegated legislation is growing in both the quantitative and qualitative sense. Under the American system, the so-called division of rulemaking authority between the legislative and executive branch was resolved at a very early juncture and in a highly pragmatic manner by applying the fundamental principles of the legislative procedure to the level of the rulemaking procedure, which primarily implies the transparency and openness of the latter. Conversely, Continental Europe did not develop a general theory of public participation which could provide a basis for the search for solutions to the situation. The purpose of this paper is to present different concepts of the rulemaking procedure and discuss the question of public participation. We conclude that, as the quantity and complexity of societal relationships grow, it is fruitful to use the so-called problem-solving model of the rulemaking procedure as a starting point for its procedural arrangement. This allows us to focus on the role that civil society, interest groups and the general public play in the contemporary governance process.
EN
Numerous medicinal practices from borderline medicine (balneology, psychosomatic medicine, psychotherapy) through classic alternative medicine (homeopathy) and ethnic medicine (traditional Chinese medicine, Ayurveda) to manifest quackery are counted to natural healing. This phenomenon is controversial. Divergent terminology reveals it, if supporters and sympathisers prefer to label these practices as complementary and alternative medicine, while sceptics reject the substantive highlighting inefficacy and dangerousness. Some patients left unassisted with medicine desperately seek treatment for their diseases. Other ones prefer it because shortcomings of medicine. The paper analyses rules of Czech law towards various aspects of natural healing: practicing by laymen and physicians, trade in related products, propagation, and sanctioning of dangerous practices. Czech society has divergent attitudes towards natural healing. Politicians thus avoid address it. Inconsistencies can be identified in laws and in practice of administrative authorities and in case-law of courts. Professional community tackles with resort of many physicians to practices of natural healing. Generally, countries mix tolerance, restriction and acceptance, while reflecting different attitudes of their population and politicians towards natural healing. European and global political integration increases tolerance and acceptation. Liberalized international trade in goods and services including unhindered patient mobility reduces effectiveness of restrictions. The paper thus suggests partial recognition with specific legal framework for licencing and control. Natural healing cannot be eradicated without serious side effects in plural society in which individual freedoms are respected. Restrictions are feasible only in serious cases of damages and misuse. Nevertheless, evidence-based medicine shall also be adequately preferred by the government due to lack of evidence for efficacy of most healing practices.
CS
Léčitelství představují nejrůznější zdravotnické zákroky od hraniční medicíny (balneologie, psychosomatická medicína, psychoterapie), přes klasickou alternativní medicínu (homeopatie) a etnickou medicínu (tradiční čínská medicína, ajurvéda) až ke zjevnému šarlatánství. Léčitelství je sporné. Již terminologie se odlišuje, zastánci a přívrženci upřednostňují nazývat tyto praktiky jako komplementární a alternativní medicínu, zatímco skeptici odmítají v této souvislosti mluvit o medicíně kvůli neúčinnosti a škodlivosti léčitelských praktik. Někteří pacienti, kterým nepomohla medicína, zoufale hledají léčbu pro svá onemocnění. Další léčitelství upřednostňují kvůli nedostatkům medicíny. Tento text zkoumá přístupy českého práva k řadě aspektů tohoto jevu: provádění léčitelství laiky a lékaři, obchod léčitelských výrobků, propagace léčitelství a postihování nebezpečných praktik. Česká společnost se ve svých postojích vůči léčitelství rozchází. Politici se tak vyhýbají jeho regulaci. Zákony, administrativní praxe a judikatura přistupují vůči léčitelství rozmanitě, právní úprava pak není zřetelná. Profesní komunita se potýká se sklonem lékařů praktikovat léčitelství. Jednotlivé země léčitelství upravují směsí tolerance, restrikce a akceptace, což odráží odlišné postoje jejich obyvatel a politiků. Evropská a světová politická integrace zvyšuje toleranci a akceptaci. Mezinárodně uvolněný obchod zbožím a službami včetně neomezované mobility pacientů snižuje účinnost omezení. Tento text tak navrhuje částečné uznání tohoto jevu pomocí svébytného právního rámce licencování a kontroly. Léčitelství nejde bez závažných vedlejších účinků vykořenit v pluralitní společnosti, ve které se respektují osobní svobody. Postihování léčitelství je tak žádoucí jenom v nejvážnějších případech újmy a zneužití. Stát by nicméně zároveň měl upřednostňovat medicínu založenou na vědeckých poznatcích, protože většina léčitelských praktik postrádá doklady své účinnosti.
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