The author, examining firstly the motion of the All Poland Alliance of Trade Unions, is in doubt on whether it is admissible to initiate abstract review of constitutionality of a norms by a trade union in the event that the application does not relate to the interests of its current members. Based on arguments given by the organs of the International Labour Organizations concerning the interpretation of the notion of worker wider than that contained in the Labour Code, the author claims that Article 2 of the Trade Union Act, within the scope specified in the application, is incompatible with Article 2 of Convention No. 87 ILO. Additionally, he points out that since the Convention No. 87 excludes from its scope only the armed forces and the police, then more far‑reaching limitations under the abovementioned Act are inconsistent with Article 59 para. 1 of the Constitution. Consequently, Article 2 of the Trade Union Act is also incompatible with Article 59 para. 1 of the Constitution and Article 12 which is functionally linked to it.
The opinion concerns spreading the use and extending the substantive and temporal scope of the UNCITRAL Rules on Transparency in Treatybased Investor-State Arbitration. Possible conflict of obligations of Member States under international law may arise regardless of whether the United Nations Convention on the transparency will be concluded only by the Europe‑ an Union or by its Member States. The position of the European Commission according to which the Convention relates only to exclusive competence of the European Union should be considered as doubtful.
The application concerns Article 3a of the Act of 28 March 2003 on Railroad Transport, exempting the application of certain provisions of Regulation (EC) No 1371/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2007 on rail passengers’ rights and obligations, to urban, suburban and regional rail passenger transport. In the view of the Human Rights Defender, the above said article – insofar as it indefinitely excludes the application of Article 21 para. 1 of the Regulation – is incompatible with Article 2 in conjunction with Article 69 of the Constitution and Article 9 para. 1(c) of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, signed in New York on 13 December 2006. Despite these arguments, the Sejm decided in this case that the contended regulation is consistent with the relevant provisions of the Constitution.
The article will focus on existence of the Jacobins and their influencein France after 28th July 1794, including the fate of their supporters, ex-Terrorists, sans-culottes and Jacobin clubs. It will mainly focus on two aspects: excluding the Jacobins from political and social life in Thermidorian France (July 1794 – October 1795). The text will successively discuss the Conventional purges, removal of sans-culottes from provincial political arenas and their social isolation, issues with poor distributing of rations and consequent uprisings, dissolving of the Jacobin clubs across the country, mass releasing of alleged suspects and at the same time imprisoning political enemies, subsequent prison massacres, installing new supporters of the regime and overall institutional changes in new, cleansed France.
The article focuses on issues related to ratification of the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence. It includes an analysis of constitutionality of the Convention itself and, then, of an international monitoring mechanism of its implementation (The Group of experts on action against violence against women and domestic violence, “GREVIO”). It also examines the possibility of ratification of the Convention without prior ratification of international law instruments referred to in its Preamble (e.g. the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse). In the author’s view, the Convention does not contain any provisions inconsistent with the Constitution. However, he claims that proper interpretation of this document requires analysis of its authentic texts in English and French. He does not find it necessary to accede to other international agreements specified in the Preamble of the Convention, since the Convention is a comprehensive and autonomous instrument whose proper application does not depend on implementation of other acts.
The article characterizes the role of film as a tool to popularize the social image of disability and analyzes the model of disability in two Polish feature films inspired by real events: “Life Feels Good” and “Carte Blanche”. Characterization was carried out in relation to 7 criteria cited in the literature describing the assumptions of disability models: approach to disability, the nature and place of the phenomenon, the role of a person with a disability, solution, control and expected results. In the summary, the profiles of the heroes emerging from the analyzes were compared to the results of the research on the preferences of the disability model conducted among people with disabilities.
PL
W artykule scharakteryzowano rolę filmu jako narzędzia upowszechniającego społeczny wizerunek niepełnosprawności oraz dokonano analizy modelu niepełnosprawności w dwóch polskich filmach fabularnych, inspirowanych prawdziwymi wydarzeniami: „Chce się żyć” i „Carte blanche”. Charakterystykę przeprowadzono w odniesieniu do 7 cytowanych w literaturze kryteriów opisujących założenia modeli niepełnosprawności: podejście do niepełnosprawności, istota i miejsce zjawiska, rola osoby z niepełnosprawnością, rozwiązanie, kontrola oraz oczekiwane wyniki. W podsumowaniu odniesiono wyłaniające się z analiz profile bohaterów do wyników badań preferencji modelu niepełnosprawności przeprowadzone wśród osób z niepełnosprawnością.
The study of warfare, throughout its history, as well as efforts to legally regulate the resort to war and the conduct of war, were concentrated exclusively on one form of warfare - interstate conflict. Only since the terrorist attacks on Washington and New York in 2001 and the following ‘Global War on Terrorism’ has a discussion on a potentially new kind of warfare - asymmetric warfare - moved into the spotlight. Despite all the scientific attention, the concept of asymmetric warfare remains undefined or ill-defined until today, resulting in a proliferation of its use and limiting its value. Hence, restraint in the use of the term is necessary, in order to reinforce its analytical value and applicability. Defining asymmetric warfare as a conflict among opponents who are so different in their basic features that comparison of their military power is rendered impossible, is such an attempt to limit the term to a substantially new form of warfare, witnessed in a conflict that is often commonly called the Global War on Terrorism. The past two years, since the upsurge of the so-called Islamic State to the forefront of the salafi jihadi movement, have witnessed a significant change in this war. Superficial analysis could lead to the conclusion that the proclamation of the Islamic Caliphate on the territories of Iraq and Syria (for now) seems to have recalibrated this conflict into traditional inter- state war again, making the concept of asymmetric warfare obsolete and diminishing it into just a short-term aberration in the history of warfare. Nothing could be further from the truth. The enemy in the Global War on Terrorism was and remains a global and territorially unrestricted ideological movement whose numbers cannot even be estimated, which fights its battles wherever it chooses to, and whose ultimate goal is the annihilation of the international system of sovereign states, not the creation of a new state within this system. The Islamic Caliphate in its current boundaries is nothing more than the “model Islamic state”, as envisioned by Osama bin Laden in his 1996 fatwa as part of Al Qaeda’s 200 year plan for the establishment of God’s Islamic World Order. This grand strategy is the guiding blueprint of the salafi jihad that is waged against the Westphalian state system in a war that is truly asymmetric. We have to adjust to this strategic asymmetry if we are to prevail in this struggle, fighting a long war against an indefinable enemy on battlefields that are still unknown.
Artykuł poświęcony jest porównaniu polskich regulacji prawnych dotyczących polityki państwowej prowadzonej wobec osób z niepełnosprawnością oraz wydanych w realizacji Konwencji Narodów Zjednoczonych o Prawach Osób Niepełnosprawnych dokumentów strategii polityki wobec osób niepełnosprawnych w Republice Austrii oraz Republice Czech. Artykuł wskazuje na polskie regulacje konstytucyjne, ustawowe oraz inne dokumenty, takie jak Karta Praw Osób Niepełnosprawnych, dotyczące sytuacji prawnej osób z niepełnosprawnością. Jednocześnie artykuł, dokonując analizy ramowych założeń polityki ogólnokrajowej, założeń oraz celów i ich realizacji zawartych w dokumentach strategii Republiki Austriackiej oraz Republiki Czeskiej, wskazuje na silną potrzebę sformułowania polskiego dokumentu zawierającego strategię prowadzenia polityki ogólnokrajowej wobec osób z niepełnosprawnością. Artykuł zwraca też uwagę na silne osadzenie dokumentów austriackich i czeskich w Konwencji o Prawach Osób Niepełnosprawnych. W dalszej części autorzy dokonują analizy konkretnych celów oraz metod obecnych w dokumentach strategii czeskiej i austriackiej. Następnie pojawiają się wnioski odnośnie do możliwości adaptacji rozwiązań przyjmowanych w austriackiej i czeskiej strategii do polskiego dokumentu strategii na rzecz osób z niepełnosprawnością. Artykuł kończy się konkluzją, że analizowane w niniejszym piśmie dokumenty Narodowego Planu Działania Osób Niepełnosprawnych Republiki Austriackiej oraz Narodowego Planu Promocji Równych Szans Osób Niepełnosprawnych Republiki Czeskiej należy uznać za przydatne dla autorów tworzonego dokumentu polskiej strategii polityki ogólnokrajowej w stosunku do osób niepełnosprawnych. W szczególności austriacki Narodowy Plan, nowoczesny i zawierający bardziej szczegółowe i precyzyjne regulacje programu działania w celu integracji osób niepełnosprawnych, powinien stanowić pomoc dla osób tworzących bliźniaczy polski dokument.
EN
This article concerns of Polish regulations devoted to disabled people and as well the nationwide state policy devoted to disabled people as a result of implementation of United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Republic of Austria and Czech Republic. The article analyzes Polish regulations devoted to people with disability as Polish constitution, the bills connected with disabled people rights, and other documents as well as The Bill of People with Disability Rights. Simultaneously, the article analyzes the main assumption of Austrian and Czech documents established as a result of implementation of United Nations Convention that are devoted to rights of people with disabilities. The article shows also a strong need of implementation of such a document in Poland. This article shows that Austrian and Czech strategy is embedded in United Nation Convention. This article presents the aims of Polish, Austrian and Czech policy in the matters of disabled people and methods that are suitable to achieve this aims. The article ends with a thesis that the Austrian and Czech documents are very helpful with preparing the Polish document containing the strategy of policy in the matters of disable people.
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