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Kadra urzędnicza w salinach Wieliczki i Bochni w latach 1810-1918

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Walczy Ł.

Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

2012

vol. 28

31-90

In the period that is the object of this study, 17 managers succeeded one another in Wieliczka. Until 1867, they managed the Bochnia saltworks and other plants which were temporarily subject to the Saltworks Board, also known under other names, which were frequently changed: the sulphur plant in Swoszowice, the hard coal mines in the Jaworzno district and the state forest inspectorate in the Jaworzno district. After 1867, only the Wieliczka mine was subject to the Board until 1914 (changes of managers, which happened very often between 1915 and 1918, are not possible to register in detail); there were 16 deputy managers, 16 mine surveyors, 10 finance directors, 10 “materials managers”; 3 engineers responsible for buildings and machines and 8 doctors. At that time in Bochnia, 20 managers succeeded one another; until 1867, they were subordinate to the Board operating in Wieliczka. Later, the saltworks in Bochnia was managed, on equal footing with Wieliczka, by the Galician State Management of the Treasury in Lviv and, through its agency, by the Ministry of Finance in Vienna; there were 13 deputy managers, 3 mine surveyors (for the majority of the discussed period, there was a separate mine surveyor, i.e. a surveyor accepting responsibility for the reliability of measurements by his signature, as well as correctness of maps and proper placement of markings in the mine pits); 12 finance directors; 11 “materials managers”; 2 doctors; a separate “machine” engineer worked here for a short time in the years directly preceding WWI. It is impossible to trace by names or even specify the total number of directors of individual “mounts” i.e. mining fields, operating in every field with deputies and assistants in three or two-person teams; the composition of such teams would change very often. Polonization of the personnel of the above-mentioned managing positions began in the middle of the 19th century. It was a result of co-existing processes; on the one hand, in some families who came to the Cracow Saltworks right after the partition, the second and, at the latest, the third generation began to identify with Polishness, adopting Polish as the native language, and the Polish custom as the home custom and, more importantly, the Polish manner of thinking and acting; on the other hand, the gap left behind families who in the past came from various Austrian states and whose descendants decided to return to the family places of their fathers or grandfathers were filled by representatives of Polish landowning families (the first example is the Wieliczka “saltworks physician”, Feliks Gozdawa- Boczkowski), who were permitted to do so on account of the necessity of maintaining employment in the saltworks. The moment when the saltworks clerks started to think and act “in Polish”, feeling that they were the officials of the Austrian state more and more solely in a formal way, falls at the end of the 1880’s and the beginning of the 1890’s. At that time, proposals of new names for underground pits started to contain, almost exclusively, names of older colleagues with whom people submitting the proposals used to work – and if they referred to higher rank clerks, these were predominantly Poles who worked on the level of province authorities (representation, state division, treasury directorate) – therefore, objectively, in the Polish interest. At that time, a place of clearly Polish character started to be built in the Wieliczka salt mine – the Chapel of St. Kinga (from the very beginning, its decoration was devoid of “Austrian” elements, whereas the pulpit, executed in 1903, presents the symbol of the holiest Polish national symbol: the Wawel Castle). In 1906, the 1st Convention of Polish Miners was held in Cracow, partially co-organized by the Wieliczka Saltworks Board; it was combined with a visit at the Wieliczka mine and a meeting for industry specialists from the Polish lands under all three partitions. After 1910 and before 1914, the Wieliczka saltworks clerks started to issue publications in the magazines in Warsaw and Zagłębie Dąbrowskie. True engineers/ humanists were in this group. Among them, the person of Feliks Piestrak, author of historical studies devoted to the maps of the Wieliczka mine prepared by M. German, W. Hondius and J.G. Borlach and philological translation of the Latin poem of A. Schröter of 1548 (describing the author’s impressions and remarks made during a visit to the Wieliczka Salt Mine) is particularly important. The group of clerks who, by way of promotion, worked in Wieliczka, Bochnia and in the saltworks of Eastern Małopolska, i.e. the historical Russian Saltworks, includes two professors from the first group teaching at the Cracovian Mining Academy, which started to operate in the Independent Poland in 1919. The merit of these people, and quite a significant one, was leading the saltworks away from the reign of Austria to independent Poland. In Western Małopolska, it was possible to perform it peacefully; in Eastern Małopolska, it also happened without greater losses and maintaining continuity of people and institutions, in the conditions of civil war provoked by Austria almost in the last days and hours of the partition.

Nazwy własne podziemnych wyrobisk w żupach krakowskich (XVI–XVIII w.)

100%

Horyń E.

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Linguistica

2021

issue 16

84-94

This paper is an attempt at describing proper names of underground salt excavations. Among the analysed terms, the most documented ones are commemorative names, which are based on anthroponyms – surnames and first names. A less numerous group is represented by names related to the location of the objects, point to their functions in the mine, or refer to physiographic features. Moreover, there are names of cultural or metaphorical character. These terms are varied both in terms of motivation and level of formality. The material for analysis comes from the texts of Instrukcje górnicze dla żup krakowskich z XVI–XVIII wieku.

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1 Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Linguistica

1 Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

1 Horyń E.

1 Walczy Ł.

1 2021

1 2012

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Kadra urzędnicza w salinach Wieliczki i Bochni w latach 1810-1918

Nazwy własne podziemnych wyrobisk w żupach krakowskich (XVI–XVIII w.)