Search results

1

Bulgarians, Cumans, Teutons, and Vlachs in the First Decades of the Thirteenth Century

100%

Ivanov I.

Studia Ceranea

|

2022

|

vol. 12

491-505

EN

The article refers to some aspects of the history of today’s Bulgarian and Romanian territories, going back to the end of the 12th and the beginning of the 13th century. First, the author emphasizes the impact of the Teutonic Order in Burzenland on Bulgarian-Cuman relations in the period under question. The article provides a different alternative viewpoint on the events of the second decade of the 13th century. Contrary to researchers who focus on the South and the Bulgarian-Latin conflict, the author seeks a solution to the problem by analyzing events in the North, reaching the lands of Burzenland region in Eastern Transylvania. He analyses the Teutonic-Cuman conflict of 1211–1222 and the success of the Teutons in Cumania after 1215. The author concludes that the dramatic change in the Bulgarian-Cuman relations could be explained by a new source of military and political influence that emerged in the second decade of the 13th century – the Teutonic Order. Next, the paper is aimed at the highly discussed and controversial issue of Bulgarian-Vlach relations during the rule of the Assenid dynasty. Based on the written sources, the author explains the mass presence of Vlachs in the actions of the first Assenids with specific social, economic and political factors in the last two decades of the 12th and the beginning of the 13th century.

2

Cuman integration and animal husbandry in 13th –16th century Greater Cumania, Hungary

86%

Lyublyanovics K.

Acta Archaeologica Carpathica

|

2017

|

vol. LII

3

“Daremnie próbuje się wybielić Etiopa” – postrzeganie i polityka Bizancjum wobec koczowników stepów czarnomorskich (X-XII w.)

58%

Paroń A.

Vox Patrum

|

2020

|

vol. 75

375-414

EN

The problem of relations with the nomadic peoples of the Black Sea steppes is one of the most important issues in Byzantine history. The medieval Greek-speaking Romans inherited this undisputed trouble from their ancient ancestors and had to deal with it until the end of the Empire. It is usually assumed that the long experience of contacts with steppe-dwellers meant that the Byzantine political elite gained a deep and multi-faceted knowledge of them. This study is an attempt at rethinking the communis opinio according to which precise and updated data had to be used by the Constantinopolitan diplomacy in relations with the nomadic partners. What I aim to prove, based on the material of written sources from between the 10th and 12th centuries, is that such opinions appear to have been scholarly superstitions.

PL

Problem relacji z ludami koczowniczymi stepów czarnomorskich należy do najważniejszych zagadnień historii Bizancjum. Średniowieczni greckojęzyczni Rzymianie odziedziczyli ten niewątpliwy kłopot po swych antycznych przodkach i musieli borykać się z nim po kres istnienia imperium. Przyjmuje się zwykle, że długie doświadczenie kontaktów ze stepowcami sprawiło, że bizantyńska elita polityczna pozyskała głęboką i wieloaspektową wiedzą na ich temat. Celem niniejszego stadium jest ponowne przemyślenie communis opinio, według której precyzyjne i zaktualizowane dane miały być wykorzystywane przez dyplomację konstantynopolitańską w relacjach z koczowniczymi partnerami. W oparciu o materiał źródeł pisanych z X-XII wieku zamierzam dowieść, że tego rodzaju poglądy wydają się naukowymi przesądami.

4

The Competition for Cumania between Hungary and Bulgaria (1211–1247)

58%

Madgearu A.

Studia Ceranea

|

2022

|

vol. 12

699-723

EN

Because the alliance between the Cumans and Bulgaria was a danger both for Hungary and the Latin Empire, it was preferable for Hungary to extend its domination over Cumania. The Teutonic knights were settled in south-eastern Transylvania in 1211 to defend it against the Cumans, who, after 1214, became enemies also for Bulgaria. Besides the few fortresses built in the Bârsa land, there is no certain proof for an expansion of the Teutonic Order outside the Carpathians, and by consecquence of the Hungarian kingdom, in the period before the Mongol invasion of 1241. After the departure of the Teutonic knights in 1225, Cumania became the target of the Dominican mission which was present since around 1221 in Terra Severin, a north-Danubian Bulgarian possession. The Cuman bishopric was established in 1227. The subjection of these Cumans made useless the preservation of the Hungarian-Bulgarian alliance closed in 1214, and the consequence was the annexation of Terra Severin by Hungary, sometimes between 1228 and 1232, as a Banat. The final act of the Hungarian expansion in Cumania was the introduction of the title of King of Cumania by Bela IV in 1236. The region where it was established the bishopric of Cumania continued to be under the influence of the Church of Tărnovo, even after the end of the domination of the Bulgarian state in this north-Danubian territory. In 1241, the Cuman bishopric was destroyed by the Mongol invasion. Because the Golden Horde domination did not extend west of Olt in the first years after 1242, Bela IV tried to regain positions by summoning the Hospitaller Knights in 1247. Terra Severin remained a part of the Hungarian kingdom, but the function of Ban was abandoned or suspended. One mission of the Hospitallers was to extend the Hungarian domination in Cumania, in the regions which were then conquered by the Mongols. The Mongol domination prevented the emergence of a Cuman kingdom in Moldavia, vassal of Hungary. Only the decline of the Golden Horde made possible a new penetration of the Hungarian kingdom in the former Cumania, in 1345. The former Cumania entered in the new states created during the 14th century by the Romanians liberated from the Hungarian domination, Wallachia and Moldavia.

Refine search results

2 Studia Ceranea

1 Acta Archaeologica Carpathica

1 Vox Patrum

1 Ivanov I.

1 Lyublyanovics K.

1 Madgearu A.

1 Paroń A.

2 2022

1 2020

1 2017

Bulgarians, Cumans, Teutons, and Vlachs in the First Decades of the Thirteenth Century

Cuman integration and animal husbandry in 13th –16th century Greater Cumania, Hungary

“Daremnie próbuje się wybielić Etiopa” – postrzeganie i polityka Bizancjum wobec koczowników stepów czarnomorskich (X-XII w.)

The Competition for Cumania between Hungary and Bulgaria (1211–1247)