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EN
The word officium summarises a significant characteristic of Roman culture. It describes the Roman ideal of life as public service, i.e. a concern for salus rei publicae. Latin Christianity took over the word and its substance. The ministry of a bishop was described as exercising the officium already in the early ages. That is how Cyprian of Carthage understood the office of bishop, even though he did not use the word explicitly. Ambrose of Milan made the Roman officium a cornerstone of the formation of priests, which he described in his well-known work De officiis ministrorum. He himself exercised the office of the Bishop of Milan according to the best model of a Roman official. The tradition was further developed by Leo the Great, who pointed out that pax christiana was the fulfillment of what the Romans had expected of pax romana. Gregory the Great took over the legacy of his predecessors. However, to a greater extent than Ambrose or Leo, he perceived the tension between exercising the office accompanied by worldly cares and the spiritual dimension of bishop’s ministry. It may have been caused by the fact that, after a total disintegration of Roman administration, Gregory was forced to take on the responsibility of the perfect of Rome. His Regula pastoralis, however, provides a continuation of Ambrose’s ideas concerning the formation of clergy.
EN
The article presents a short description of the text as a collection of biblical quotes focused on such topics as the Mosaic Law (Book I), Christology (Book II) and Christian virtues (Book III) and also comments on the version of the biblical text that Cyprian cites. A survey of comparative studies showed that the biblical text cited by Cyprian departs from the Hieronim Vulgate. Secondly, Cyprian's writing is an autonomous treatise independent of Adversus Iudaeos Tertullian, written at the request of Quirinius, who aimed to provide the addressee and other Christians in Carthage tools in the form of biblical passages to fight the growing Jewish proselytism. As for the historical context of its creation, the treaty is part of the middle of the third century. Previous good relations between Christians and Jews in North Africa, as evidenced by even Jewish necropolises with Christian graves or inscriptions with a cross and a menorah, are beginning to break due to the growing Jewish proselytism and the growth of the Christian community.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia krótki opis dzieła jako zbioru tekstów biblijnych skupionych wokół tematów: Prawo Mojżeszowe (ksiega I), chrystologia (księga II) i cnoty chrześcijańskie (księga III) a także ocenę wersji tekstu biblijnego, który Cyprian cytuje. Sondażowe badanie porównawcze pokazało, że Cyprian używał innej wersji tekstu biblijnego niż ta, która później stała się częścią Wulgaty Hieronima. Po drugie, dzieło Cypriana jest samodzielnym traktatem, niezależnym od Adversus Iudaeos Tertuliana, napisanym na prośbę Kwiriniusza, który stawiał sobie za cel dostarczyć adresatowi i innym chrześcijanom kartagińskim narzędzia w postaci tekstów biblijnych użytecznych w polemice z wzrastajacym prozelityzmem żydowskim. Pismo dobrze wpisuje się w kontekst historyczny polowy III wieku, kiedy to wcześniejsze dobre relacje pomiędzy chrześcijanami a Żydami w Afryce Północnej, jak to potwierdzają groby chrześcijanskie odkryte w nekropoliach żydowskich albo inskypcje łączące krzyż i menorę, zaczynają się psuć z powodu na rosnący prozelityzm żydowski i jednocześnie wzrost wspólnoty chrześcijańskiej.
EN
In the mid-third century, Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus, a wealthy and educated man, was elected bishop of Carthage in proconsular Africa. During the persecution ordered by Emperor Decius, the faith of many people was put to the test. Disciplinary and administrative divisions arose in the Christian community. St. Cyprian appealed to the old tradition cultivated not only in the Church of proconsular Africa, but also in other provinces of the universal Church, which was the convening of synods in order to solve together pastoral problems. During the time of sitting on the episcopal capital in Carthage, a total of 7 synods were convened, whose participants took their stand on the schism of Felicissimus and Novatian, and on the return to the church community of persons who were subject to the decree of Decius by making idolaters, the validity of baptism by heretics and baptism children. This study is an attempt to show the important role of synods in shaping the collegiality of bishops in proconsular Africa in the mid-third century in the context of concern for the unity of the Church.
PL
W połowie III wieku biskupem Kartaginy w Afryce prokonsularnej został wybrany Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus, człowiek zamożny i wykształcony. W czasie prześladowań zarządzonych przez cesarza Decjusza wiara wielu osób została poddana ciężkiej próbie. We wspólnocie chrześcijan powstały podziały na tle dyscyplinarnym i administracyjnym. Św. Cyprian odwołał się do starej tradycji pielęgnowanej nie tylko w Kościele Afryki prokonsularnej, lecz także w innych prowincjach Kościoła powszechnego, którym było zwoływanie synodów w celu wspólnego rozwiązywania powstałych problemów duszpasterskich. W czasach zasiadania na stolicy biskupiej w Kartaginie w sumie zostało zwołanych 7 synodów, których uczestnicy zajęli swoje stanowisko wobec schizm Felicissimusa i Nowacjana oraz w sprawie powrotu do wspólnoty kościelnej osób, które uległy nakazom edyktu Decjusza dokonując ofiar bałwochwalczych, ważności chrztu udzielanego przez heretyków oraz chrztu dzieci. Niniejsze opracowanie jest próbą ukazania ważnej roli synodów kształtowaniu kolegialności biskupów w Afryce prokonsularnej w połowie III wieku w kontekście troski o jedność Kościoła. Lecz z drugiej strony ukazuje prawdę, że nie wszystkie uchwały synodów w Kartaginie współtworzyły doktrynę Kościoła.
Vox Patrum
|
2022
|
vol. 83
285-316
EN
Isidore of Seville’s treatise De ortu et obitu patrum is a remarkably intertextual work. The Holy Writ is its fundamental hypotext. While referring biblical Salvation history, Isidore demonstrates his acquaintance with the numerous writings of different authors. Tracing of the relations between selected chapters of the treatise (1. Adam; 26. Aaron; 41. Hosea; 45. Jonah; 59. The three young men [in the blazing furnace]) and their sources and models let us come to the conclusion that Isidore demonstrates his writer’s independence as well when composing the majority of particular relations (precisely those based on sources other than biblical vitae), as when creating the conception of the entire work, which can be regarded as a hybrid of exegesis and hagiography, and had not had a prototype in the earlier Christian literature.
PL
Traktat Izydora pt. O narodzinach i śmierci świętych ojców jest wybitnie intertekstualnym utworem. Jego podstawowy hipotekst to Pismo Święte. Referując czytelnikowi biblijnedzieje zbawienia, Izydor z Sewilli zdradza znajomość licznych pism wielu chrześcijańskich autorów. Prześledzenie zależności między wybranymi rozdziałami opracowanego przez niego traktatu (1. Adam; 26. Aaron; 41. Ozeasz; 45. Jonasz; 59. trzej młodzieńcy [w piecu ognistym]) a jego źródłami i wzorcami pozwala stwierdzić, że jest on autorem oryginalnym, gdyż wykazuje się dużą samodzielnością zarówno w komponowaniu większości poszczególnych relacji (a dokładnie tych spisanych na podstawie źródeł innych niżbiblijne vitae), jak też przy opracowaniu koncepcji dzieła będącego hybrydą egzegezy i hagiografii oraz niemającego prototypów we wcześniejszym piśmiennictwie.
Vox Patrum
|
2016
|
vol. 65
461-490
EN
The recommendation of escape during the persecution, given by Jesus in Matth 10:23, impelled the ancient commentators to deeper reflection. Apart from the realities of the Christian life threatened by persecution, the views of the mon­tanists rejecting the possibility of escape provoked discussion on this issue. The author of the paper has presented the thought of the Greek and Latin Fathers on this mentioned words of Jesus. The patristic reflection on Matth 10:23 points out, first of all, the reasons for fair act of fleeing. The sources allow us to enumerate the following reasons for fleeing a persecution: 1) a formal obedience to the rec­ommendation of Jesus; 2) the decree of Divine Providence dictating and allowing escape; 3) the attitude of Christ who himself has taken similar opportunity; 4) a respect for human weaknesses that can make someone for various reasons indis­posed to martyrdom; 5) a prudence ordering flee in expectation of higher losses than profits incurred by the remaining at home; 6) the trust in God providing a nat­ural way of rescue, without „forcing” Him to the extraordinary help; 7) an urgent missionary and pastoral ministry to perform; 8) to avoid provoking persecutor to evil by own presence; 9) a specific witness of renunciation and sacrifice by leav­ing own home and possession; 10) the escape understood in the spiritual sense is a secession from the evil and sin. Several authors stand out in the extent and the depth of reflexion about it: Origen, Tertullian, Jerome and Augustine. The authors of 4th Century and the later could be influenced by Cyprian of Carthage. Accused by his opponents, especially novatians, he justifies theologically the escape and validates it by the later attitude: as a carefull shepherd and fearless martyr.
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