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Studium a studenti sociologie v Československu před nástupem komunistického režimu

100%
Nešpor Z. R.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2012
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vol. 48
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issue 4
669–696
EN
Czechoslovak sociology was among the first European national sociological traditions to become established institutionally. Lectures in sociology commenced at Charles University in the 1880s, the first professorships and departments of sociology were established in 1919, and sociology was fully established as a doctoral discipline twelve years later. All the other universities in Czechoslovakia (with the notable exception of the German University in Prague) followed suit (usually after five or so ‘test’ years), as did polytechnics and independent colleges specialising in social studies, where, admittedly, attempts to establish departments of sociology were only partly successful. Using archive sources, this article analyses in detail the various processes involved in the establishment of sociology at individual universities and colleges, describes the forms and content of sociological education offered and conducts a prosopographical analysis of students in this field. On average, five students graduated in sociology in Czechoslovakia each year during the interwar period, and the number of dissertations written in sociology experienced a real boom shortly after the Second World War. The number of annual graduates rose to 23 between 1945 and 1948 and to 42 between 1948 and 1953, and this despite the fact that after the coup in 1948 the communist regime declared sociology a ‘bourgeois pseudoscience’. Consequently, only a very small number (5 percent) of the post-coup graduates were able to apply their sociological knowledge in their careers, and most of those who were able to did so rather late in their careers; the great majority of earlier graduates were not allowed to apply their knowledge at all. However, in Czechoslovakia it was nothing new for graduates of sociology to be unable to apply their education in their field, since the interwar and immediate post-war academic elites were made up largely of graduates of other fields, who were often unwilling to make room in academia for their younger colleagues.
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Padesát let české sociologie náboženství na stránkách Sociologického časopisu

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Nešpor Z. R.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2014
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vol. 50
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issue 5
735-752
EN
The fiftieth anniversary of Sociologický časopis (since 2001 Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review) provides an ideal opportunity to discuss the presence and achievements of the sociology of religion in the most important Czech sociological journal and to contribute to the historical, theoretical, and methodological analysis of Czech sociology of religion itself. The author provides a summary of all the articles, reviews, and information on the topic published in the journal and shows that, regardless of its importance within Czech sociological discourse at the various stages in the development of the discipline, the sociology of religion has generally had only a limited presence in the journal over the years, for both internal (sociologists of religion were not considered ‘core members’ of the sociological community) and external reasons (fear of what was considered a ‘problematic’ topic during the communist era and the non-existence of ‘untarnished’ students of religion after the collapse of the communist regime). The situation changed only recently, broadly speaking in the last decade, as younger generations seized the initiative and research on religion became a standard part of the Czech sociological mainstream. However, only a small number of contemporary sociologists of religion publish articles in the journal and, consequently, this sub-discipline is still far from being a consistent presence in its pages. The limited degree to which Czech sociology of religion has established itself in the pages of Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review thus raises fundamental questions about the nature of the discipline, its students, and the broader sociological environment.
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Czech Sociology of Industrial Working Class Until 1948

88%
Janák, jr. D.
Central European Papers
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2014
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vol. 2
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issue 1
115-131
EN
The submitted study organizes the heterogeneous sociological production devoted to the issue of (not only) the industrial working class until 1948. The purpose of such organization of sociological reflection of that period is to show the position of the issue in Czech sociology, to ascertain the main pieces of knowledge on Czech working class before 1948 and to try to assess what from the production of that period can be used also in the current historical-sociological research. The text identifies and classifies the main thematic areas in which the issue of the working class was analysed: the largest consisted in life style research, followed by working class in context of social policy, political context of workers’ issue, issue of work as such and business sociology. We see analytical potential in the sociology of social types, developed by I.A. Bláha, sociologist, particularly in the interwar period.
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"Opustíš-li mne, zahyneš…" : Akademická dráha Otakara Machotky a dalších českých sociologů v emigraci po únoru 1948

88%
Nešpor Z. R.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2017
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vol. 53
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issue 5
737-764
EN
This article focuses on Czech sociologists who left Czechoslovakia immediately after the communist coup in February 1948 and their subsequent academic and personal fates in exile. Attention is devoted principally to Otakar Machotka (1899–1970), a prominent figure in both Czech political life and pre-Marxist Czech sociology with strong personal and methodological ties to the Chicago School; this article’s research draws on his correspondence and on other archived sources. Machotka’s special circustances worked to his favour in the United States where he was offered excellent academic positions. However, Machotka was opposed to the sociological mainstream(s) of his time and (unsuccessfully) attempted to establish his own school between sociology and social psychology. After that he accepted a tenured position at a marginal non-research university and failed to gain an audience in wider American or international academia. On a personal level, he preferred to focus on his family and social work rather than to take part in the academic game. In this he was perhaps influenced by the bleak fates of two of his colleagues in exile, František Rouček (1891–1952) and Zdeněk Ullrich (1901–1955), both of whom gave priority to their professional careers, which took them to Africa, where they both met an early death. Members of the youngest cohort of Czech post-February 1948 exiled sociologists, however, enjoyed happier fates, gaining some international academic renown, but only after graduating (anew) from western universities.
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Miloslav Petrusek ve světle své publikační činnosti v samizdatovém Sociologickém obzoru

88%
Nešpor Z. R.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2014
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vol. 50
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issue 2
189-210
EN
The late Miloslav Petrusek (1936–2012) was undoubtedly one of the most important figures in the history of Czech sociology. He was one of a few sociologists who revived the discipline in the 1960s and was a talented organiser and a co-founder of the Faculty of Social Sciences at Charles University in the 1990s. He was also a gifted teacher. However, owing to his busy organisational role, extensive teaching activities, and the publishing ban and restrictions he was subject to during the communist era, it is difficult to define the ‘real Petrusek’ in terms of his sociological thinking. The author argues that insight into his thought can, paradoxically, be found in the work he did during the most restricted period of his life, i.e. in the late 1980s, when Petrusek and his colleague Josef Alan published Sociologický obzor (Sociological Horizon), probably the only samizdat sociological journal in the world (1987–1989). In this journal Petrusek was not bound by external restrictions or his various other activities and he proved to be a particularly original analyst and thinker. He defined an ‘alternative sociology’, which was based primarily on the sociological analysis of literature and the performing arts as well as on his own profound knowledge of classical and contemporary sociology, which allowed him to shed light on a range of pressing contemporary social issues such as gender relations, the social perception of time and progress, the dissemination and dissolution of higher education, social stratification, and the approaching post-communist era. Petrusek contributed 83 different and, in the main, highly valued texts to Sociologický obzor that often drew attention to the crucial social issues of late modernisation (not only in reference to communist societies) and criticised the academic impotence of the ‘official’ Marxist-Leninist sociology of the time.
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Is there any Sociological Tradition of Social Memory Research? The Polish and the Czech Case

88%
Kilias J.
Polish Sociological Review
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2013
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vol. 183
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issue 3
297-316
EN
The paper deals with social memory research done by Polish and Czech sociologists. In Poland it started in the 1960s when an outline of a historical consciousness study was sketched byNinaAssorodobraj- Kula. Although her original concept was soon left out, a series of surveys was conducted. Recently memory has become a popular research field and numerous studies have been employing various research methods. In Czechoslovakia opinion polls on historical consciousness were conducted as early as in the 1940s, and recently a study has started in the Czech Republic that resembles and was probably influenced by earlier Polish survey research. In my paper I try to map out the research done in the two countries in order to identify typical features of the local studies. It seems that in spite of a large quantity of studies published, the character of most of Polish and Czech works on memory were purely descriptive, and any sociologically relevant problems started to be posed only recently. Therefore it may be suggested that although a certain common Polish and Czech tradition of memory research exists, it cannot be called sociological in any strict sense.
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Celková a zahraniční citovanost Sociologického časopisu: výsledky citační analýzy

88%
Skovajsa M.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2014
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vol. 50
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issue 5
671-712
EN
This citation analysis of Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review looks at the journal’s total influence and the influence outside Czech(oslovak) sociology as measured by the number of citations in foreign journals. Indexed since the 1970s, SČ/CSR is the longest-covered East European sociology journal in the Web of Science. Beyond citation counts available through the WoS’s Basic Search option, foreign-journal citation data were collected by examining the reference lists of all WoS-indexed foreign-journal articles listed as citing SČ/CSR in the WoS’s Cited Reference Search or Google Scholar. In total, 690 foreign-journal citations of SČ/CSR between 1965 and 2013 were retrieved, including 113 author self-citations and 253 citations made by Czech and Slovak authors. Among the 690 citations, 379 are not indexed correctly in the WoS. The number of foreign citations missing from the WoS ranges from 14% for the Czech issues in 2002–2013 to 32% for the English issues in the same period. WoS is missing all 221 citations to the Czech Sociological Review between 1993 and 2001; this was a separate journal not included in the SSCI, which resulted in an important loss of international visibility for Czech sociology. In terms of per-article-citedness by foreign journals, the fewest citations were of the journal in the period up to 1989, followed by the Czech issues in 2002–2013, and the Czech issues again in 1990–2001. The highest foreign citation numbers were received by the English-language edition in 1993–2001, followed by the English issues in 2002-2013. The author’s expanded foreign citation data set yields a very different ranking of most-cited articles than the one based on WoS citation counts, suggesting that WoS is not a reliable source of data for identifying most-cited articles. A comparison between most-cited articles by any journal and by foreign journals only indicates that different articles are influential nationally and internationally.
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„Šedá zóna“ v éře tzv. normalizace: Dům techniky ČSVTS Pardubice v dějinách české sociologie

75%
Nešpor Z. R.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2014
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vol. 50
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issue 1
107-130
EN
The Marxist-Leninist ‘ideological supervision’ of Czech sociology in the 1970s and 1980s led to the de facto academic impotence of ‘official’ institutions at universities and the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. However, sociological inquiry and discussion found a home, at least temporarily, in various less regulated departmental, regional and technical institutes, which came to represent the ‘grey zone’ of contemporary Czech sociology, i.e. the space between official, state-sanctioned sociological work and prohibited, dissident sociology (and where a significant number of persecuted sociologists were able to retain their jobs). One such institute, the House of Technology in Pardubice, played a particularly significant role in the 1970s and, to a lesser extent, in the 1980s. For a decade after 1969 it hosted the dissolved academic Department of the Sociology of Industry (V. Herstus, O. Sedláček, D. Slejška) and its research activities, the former Institute for Social Analysis (from Hradec Králové), and a further 20–30 external (part-time) workers. The House of Technology conducted around 150 empirical surveys, especially in the fields of the sociology of work and the sociology of organisation and published a number of books in the field of sociology and its own journal, Analýza (Analysis), which in the first few years presented theoretical discussions and later the results of empirical research. In this article the author provides a broad analysis of the organisational background and results of the various activities of the House of Technology, which, whilst significant in terms of Czech sociology at the time, were, the author concludes, unable to serve as an effective substitute for real academic work. Indeed, it was more a research than an academic institution and the main contribution it made to Czech sociology was the professional ‘life jacket’ it offered persecuted scholars.
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The Nation and the Nation State in the Mirror of Czech and Polish Sociological Journals in the Interwar Era

75%
Janák, jr. D.
Central European Papers
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2016
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vol. 4
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issue 2
8–24
EN
The following text offers a comparison of Czech and Polish sociological journals of the interwar era related to the problems of the nation and the nation state. A combination of quantitative and qualitative content analysis is used for comparing formal characteristics (institutionalization, periodicity, types, number and size of articles), and thematic structure. Czech sociology had a closer relationship to nation-state politics, which was shown at the level of institutional (in)stability of the journals, at the level of personal involvement of journals‘ leading figures in politics as well as at the level of discourse, where different relevance and content were attached to the subject of nation in each country. Regarding this issue Czech sociology (represented in journals in the 1930s) was closer to public sociology while the Polish discourse to policy sociology.
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Brněnská versus pražská sociologická škola: mýtus a skutečnost

75%
Janák D.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2013
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vol. 49
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issue 4
577-603
EN
This article compares the Brno and Prague schools of sociology, whose existence was among the most important characteristics of Czech interwar sociology. The comparison is performed on three levels: institutional affiliation (affiliation with a university, a learned society, and the publishing platform of a journal); objective conceptual agreement or variance (the degree to which general sociological theories, methodological opinions, evaluative judgements in science are shared); and subjective affiliation with a certain school (the existence of declared support for one school over the other, the antagonism of ‘us’ versus ‘them’ in reviews and debates, ties between a teacher and a student). The opposition between the two schools is most apparent on the institutional level and to some degree on the level of subjective affiliation. On the level of conceptual agreement within one school and opposition to the other, a number of alleged dichotomies and differences are found to be more a myth than a reality. The biggest difference found on that level is a greater inclination towards quantitative methods in the Prague school and towards qualitative methods in the Brno school. As it is impossible to generalise these and other characteristics, the author argues that the concept of academic schools in Czech interwar sociology is best understood using the paradigm of ideal types, rather than as a reflection of a real dividing line, and additionally, for a description of reality, by applying the concept of centre and periphery employed in subculture studies.
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Socjologia polska i czeska: wzajemne stosunki, ich charakter i konteksty

63%
Kilias J.
Stan Rzeczy
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2016
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issue 1(10)
283-315
PL
Artykuł dotyczy stosunków między czeskimi i polskimi środowiskami socjologicznymi. W obu krajach po I wojnie światowej socjologia uległa instytucjonalizacji, została zlikwidowana przez komunistów, by odrodzić się w okresie poststalinowskim. Prawdą jest, że w komunistycznej Czechosłowacji swobodnie rozwijała się tylko przez krótki okres w latach 60. XX wieku. Mimo wzajemnego zainteresowania socjologów obu krajów ich wzajemne kontakty nie były szczególnie intensywne – za wyjątkiem lat 60. Czesi zazwyczaj interesowali się bardziej polskimi naukami społecznymi niż polscy czeskimi. Intensywność i asymetrię ich wzajemnych relacji można wyjaśnić zmieniającą się pozycją obu krajów w nauce międzynarodowej. Po II wojnie światowej pozostały one na półperyferiach nauki zachodniej, chociaż w okresie komunizmu należały także do rzekomo alternatywnego kręgu wschodnioeuropejskiej socjologii marksistowskiej. Wyjątkowa rola polskiej socjologii w Czechosłowacji w latach 60. stanowiła więc wynik jej roli jako pośrednika w kontaktach z wiodącą socjologią zachodnią.
EN
The paper deals with relations between Czech and Polish sociological communities. In both countries, sociology was institutionalised shortly after the First World War, liquidated by the Communists, and renewed in the post-Stalinist period, but in Communist Czechoslovakia, it developed relatively freely only during a brief period in the 1960s. There existed a mutual interest between the sociologists of the two countries, although they did not have much contact, except in the 1960s. Most of the time, the Czechs were more interested in Polish social science than the other way around. The intensity and asymmetry of their relations can be best explained by the changing position of both countries within the international scholarly community. After the Second World War, they remained on the semiperiphery of the Western scholarly community, even though in the Communist period they belonged to the supposedly alternative world of Marxist sociology. The exceptional position of Polish sociology in Czechoslovakia in the 1960s was therefore the result of its role as an intermediary for accessing the dominant Western sociology.
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Problém národní identity v díle Edvarda Beneše

63%
Janák D.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2014
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vol. 50
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issue 2
233-264
EN
This article examines the sociology of Edvard Beneš and looks in particular at the questions of whether and how his sociology came to be reflected in his political work, in particular in connection with nationality issues, and whether and how it played a role in the construction of Czechoslovak national identity (based on a synthesis of Czech and Slovak national identities). The article consists of two main parts, the first of which focuses on how Beneš made the conceptual and practical transition from theory to practice, from sociology to politics, a form of politics described here as ‘academic’, while the second is devoted to the issue of nationality in Beneš’s sociology and politics from the perspective of the sociology of social identities. Beneš’s sociology had an instrumental role in the formation of Czechoslovak national identity, most notably with respect to the construction of social boundaries of ‘us’ and ‘them’ in relation to Germans (especially between Czechs on one hand and Germans on the other), and it offered objects of national identification typical for the national movements of small nations and specifically of Czech society. The article devotes special attention to Beneš’s discursive construction and legitimation of Czechoslovak nationality and to the issue of the definition of nationality in the ‘Beneš decrees’.
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