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1

PREDICTING THE MOST COMMON INCORRECT RESPONSE: METACOGNITIVE ADVANTAGE OF DELIBERATIVE OVER INTUITIVE RESPONDERS ON COGNITIVE REFLECTION TEST

100%
Šćeta L., Sliško J., Erceg N.
Studia Psychologica
|
2022
|
vol. 64
|
issue 3
256 – 267
EN
In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that correct responders are at a metacognitive advantage compared to intuitively incorrect responders because they are aware that there exists an appealing but incorrect response that many would fall for. A total of 169 participants solved three CRT tasks, followed by questions about the perceived difficulty of the tasks and the most probable incorrect response that others gave. The results mainly confirmed the hypothesis: the more correct responses (or the less intuitive responses) participants gave, the more they were correct about the most prevalent incorrect responses of others. Furthermore, the more correct responses (or the less intuitive responses) participants had, the more difficult they found the tasks to be, perhaps due to the awareness of the incorrect but appealing response that would trick many others into giving a wrong response. Interestingly, the number of nonsensical responses (those neither correct nor intuitive) was positively related both to awareness of appealing incorrect responses and to the perceived difficulty of the task. This indicates that even those participants who seemingly gave nonsensical responses to CRT tasks might have a metacognitive advantage over intuitively incorrect responders. We discuss how our results fit into contemporary dual-process theories.
2

O SLOBODE UVIDIEŤ SVET INAK

100%
Muránsky M.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2016
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vol. 71
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issue 10
869 – 880
EN
Pulp fiction offers two philosophically relevant stories about the radical transformation of a person, which, in accordance with late Kant, could be called „revolutions of the mind“. In both cases we deal with freedom to understand ourselves and our world – in confrontation with irrationality of life lived in fear and violence – differently. From this nihilistic perspective everything works out without words, based on blind loyalty and brutality of violence. While in the first case the calculus of fear is broken by the honour of the warrior which in Nietzschean sense emancipates the person making him/her a winner and a master, in the second case a radical change in understanding one’s self casts doubt on the principle of violence itself and at the same time reveals the fundamental Heideggerian dimension of the power of the others over the sphere of one’s actions which are always his/her own, i.e. its transpersonal anonymity, which is generally accepted as a valid conviction concerning the status quo of the world.
3

HOW TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF COLLECTIVE DECISION- MAKING?

100%
Wesolowska E.
Kultura i Społeczeństwo
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2008
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vol. 52
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issue 4
77-92
EN
The necessity of collective decision-making preceded by group discussions in democratic state institutions prompts a reflection upon the quality of this process and its outcomes. The article presents briefly two theoretical models of a debate: Amy Gutman and Denis Thompson's concept of deliberation (based on the works of John Rawls) and Jurgen Habermas' theory of discourse. The authoress analyses the implementation of the principles of those models, taking as an example an ordinary Sejm debate. Then, she attempts to answer the question: why many debates in the real world often fail to lead to a consensus or to an innovatory solution (that would involve a change of the participants' initial convictions and preferences). She suggests a few organizational improvements conducive to a more constructive discussion that would better implement the recommendations of the theoretical models.
4

DELIBERATION, OR, WHAT DOES THE ESSENCE OF DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY INVOLVE? (Deliberacja - czyli na czym polega istota demokracji deliberatywnej)

100%
Riedel R.
Studia Polityczne (Political Studies)
|
2009
|
issue 23
205-220
EN
This article, by the nature of things, and given its subject matter and wording, has no ambition to contribute to the theory of democracy, but attempts to establish the features of the deliberative process on political grounds, of its constituent parts and of the circumstances that condition it. The springboard for these considerations is the etymological and linguistic meaning of the word 'deliberation', which then takes the author to a scientific, in the political sciences sense of the term, understanding, as well as to the establishment of the fundamental differences between deliberation and such concepts as discussion and debate. This reflection is carried out within the context of the primary conceptualisations of deliberative democracy and, in particular, of its key elements, such as an initial lack of accord, reasoning, consensus, the decision, its implementation and its legitimisation. The text also incorporates a short reference to criticism expressed against the notion of deliberative democracy. In conclusion, the author gives voice to a recommendation that normativists and empiricists engage in a more intensive dialogue in order to make good the shortfall in scholarly literature focussing on deliberative democracy, while studies on deliberation, particularly in its empirical aspect, should cease to home in primarily on deliberations between citizens and instead subject both the deliberative process among the political elite and citizen/political elite deliberations to much harsher scrutiny.
5

Praktyczny wymiar deliberacji w Unii Europejskiej

88%
Baranowska A.
Wrocławskie Studia Politologiczne
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2011
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vol. 12
158-175
EN
The paper concentrates on the project of the European Citizens’ Consultations — Internet-based debate organized in 27 member states — as a measure to tackle democracy deficit and accountability gap in the European Union. The author tries to measure the potential of the Internet as a meeting place of deliberative democracy and its impact on the process of involving European citizens into decision-making in the European Union. In order to grasp a diversified nature of the democratic participation throughout the European Union, the author compares the outputs of the debates in four different member states: Poland, Germany, France and the United Kingdom. The research takes into account not only the number of participants and frequency of their posts — which constitutes a quantitative part of the research — but also the content of the propositions presented by the participants and the final national recommendations — which is an attempt of qualitative analysis of the project.
6

Sometimes it is not so bad to decide in a hurry: Influence of different levels of temporal opportunity on the elaboration of purchasing intention

88%
Giger J.-C., Pochwatko G.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2008
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vol. 39
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issue 4
209-216
EN
The present study examines the impact of different levels of time pressure on the elaboration of purchase intention. Participants formed attitudes towards two stores and then indicate in which stores they would go shopping. Descriptions of the stores were experimentally constructed in order to indicate whether participants rely on an attribute-based or an attitude-based strategy when forming their purchase intention. Participants made their choices under time pressure (either 5, 9 or 15 seconds) or were given unlimited time to deliberate. Results show that in 5 second limit and unlimited time conditions, they rely more on an attitude-based decision strategy and chose the less optimal store. Under moderate time pressure (9 and 15 seconds), participants are able to use relevant knowledge about the stores and rely more on an attribute-based strategy. Results are discussed in light of the Unconscious Theory of Thought (Dijksterhuis & Nordgren, 2006).
7

Procesy grupowe a rozwiazywanie antagonistycznych konfliktów: Czy idea demokracji deliberatywnej może mieć psychologiczny sens?

75%
Reykowski J.
Psychologia Społeczna
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2007
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vol. 2
|
issue 2(4)
97-119
EN
Social psychological research suggests that under certain conditions social groups can engender powerful “synergic tendencies” that facilitate development of shared cognitions among group members. As a result of these processes, the groups can reach an agreement. The purpose of this research was to identify these conditions and test their effects. The research consisted of a series of group debates concerning important issues that evoked strong controversies among the participants, i.e. parents of school children who discussed sex education in schools (20 debates, 195 participants), politicians representing right wing and left-wing parties who discussed the same topic (7 debates, 35 participants), and residents of a county at the east part of Poland who argued about the site of a garbage collection (10 debates, 100 participants). Six to 13 persons took part in each debate, which usually lasted 100-110 minutes. The debates were conducted by a facilitator according to specially prepared scenarios. Before and after the debate, participants filled out special questionnaires measuring their attitudes and some psychological variables. The debates were recorded on videotape. The obtained data support the contention that social groups tend to engender synergic forces inducing group members to seek agreements in spite of differences. They also indicate that under specific conditions (perceived importance of common tasks, induction of deliberative norms, group authority that supports the task and the norms) the groups can reach agreements even in situations of serious ideological conflict or conflict of interests. The experience of working for agreement can influence participants’ attitudes not only toward the debated issues but also toward the more general strategies of dealing with political disagreements. On the basis of the obtained data a general model of the relationship between synergic and antagonistic tendencies in groups has been formulated.
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