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PL
The aim of the article is to present the issues related to human life protection. First, the author discusses the legal matters related to the European Declaration of Human Rights in the context of value of life. Then, principles of sanctity of life of an innocent human according to the Catholic ethics (from Saint Agustin through Pius XII to John Paul II) are investigated. The Christian attitude is dominant in the continental and broader Anglo-Saxon medical law systems. Utilitarianism with Dutch law as the juridical representative brings the opposing solution. From the point of view of these two fundamental systems, the author presents contemporary thanatology and its notions: the definition of brain stem death, euthanasia, abortion, medical futility, suicide, death penalty, palliative care. Reference to the EU law allows to understand why in case of contentious issues, the member states are free (with the exception of capital punishment) to choose solutions. Thus, certain medical law systems (e.g. Polish solutions) are determined by the principle of the sanctity of life of an innocent human (prima facie), while others (e.g. Holland) to a greater extent follow the utilitarian models. In any case, however, human life is precisely protected under the Declaration of Human Rights.
Nurt SVD
|
2014
|
issue 1
243-261
PL
Powszechna Deklaracja Praw Człowieka (1948) jest niewątpliwie jednym z najważniejszych dokumentów międzynarodowych. Jej podpisanie i przestrzeganie uchodzi na arenie politycznej za miarę stopnia „ucywilizowania” danego państwa. Autorka wykazuje, że powołując się na wywodzące się z tradycji zachodniej prawa człowieka, Deklaracja próbuje narzucić stojący za nią określony system wartości. Pomija się czynniki kulturowe, które niewątpliwie wpływają na odbiór oraz implementację Deklaracji w poszczególnych państwach. W artykule, przytaczając najważniejsze założenia taoizmu oraz konfucjanizmu odnoszące się do etyki oraz antropologii, wskazano na bogactwo myśli chińskiej. Zaakcentowano różnice pomiędzy wyznawanymi wartościami w społeczeństwach azjatyckich i zachodnich. Odwołując się do Deklaracji z Bangkoku (1993) ukazano potrzeby i cele państw Dalekiego Wschodu. Uzasadniono – na podstawie wybranych systemów filozoficznych – przyczyny „niechęci” zaakceptowania idei „praw człowieka” w Chinach, jak również negatywne postrzeganie procesu okcydentalizacji.
EN
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) is undoubtedly one of the most important international documents. The Declaration’s signing and compliance is considered in the political arena as a measure of the degree of “civilising” of a given state. The present author indicates that, referring to the human rights that derive from the Western tradition, the Declaration attempts to impose a system of values standing behind it. Cultural factors, which undoubtedly influence the Declaration’s reception and implementation in the individual countries, are omitted. In the article, while citing the most important assumptions of Taoism and Confucianism with relation to the ethics and anthropology, the present author indicated the richness of Chinese thought. She also emphasises the differences between the professed values in Asian and Western societies. Referring to the Bangkok Declaration (1993), the author showed the needs and objectives of the Far East. She justified too – on the basis of selected philosophical systems – the cause of “reluctance” to accept the idea of “human rights” in China, as well as the negative perception of the process of Westernisation.
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