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EN
In this article I argue with Democritus and his heirs, that is to say, with a worldview that combines rationalism, ontological naturalism and mechanics. According to the latter conception, there is no metaphysical background of the world, no objective meaning, and therefore – in essence – "nothing is happening". This worldview, in the nineteenth century treated as "scientific", proved to be technologically fecund (through reductionism), but it destructively affected the sense of spiritual security associated with the sense of existence. It also contributed to the hypertrophy of the technological trunk in the culture and to the crisis of the mythological trunk (according to the distinction of Leszek Kołakowski). I also point out the important dividing line in modern European culture and philosophy: namely, the relatively coherent camp of supporters of naturalism and their vision of the world as a machine and, on the other side, the often conflicted and heterogeneous camp of its opponents. The latter has received unexpected support from new physics and cosmology, departing from the mechanistic paradigm and opening up new perspectives on the metaphysical thought, seeking the objective meaning of existence.
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Arystotelesowskie ujęcie homonimii

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Celem niniejszego artykułu jest omówienie Arystotelesowskiego ujęcia homonimii. Proponowana tutaj teza zakłada, iż Stagiryta za homonimiczne uznaje zarówno rzeczy, jak i słowa w zależności od wchodzącego w grę kontekstu polemicznego. Gdy zatem Arystoteles nawiązuje krytycznie do filozofii Platona, to wówczas pojmuje on homonimię bardziej ontologicznie (homonimiczne są wtedy rzeczy). Gdy natomiast filozof podejmuje dyskusję z egzegetami czy sofistami, to wówczas pojmuje on homonimię bardziej semantycznie (homonimiczne są wtedy słowa/nazwy). Następnie podkreślona zostaje okoliczność, iż Arystoteles negatywnie ocenia homonimię w dyskusjach dialektycznych, a pozytywnie w naukach wytwórczych. Zwieńczeniem przedstawionych tu rozważań jest konkluzja, iż rozpoznanie homonimii systematycznej traktuje Stagiryta jako warunek wstępny adekwatnego ujęcia każdego problemu, ponieważ dostrzeżenie homonimii umożliwia z jednej strony zachowanie różnorodności zjawisk, a z drugiej wprowadzenie do nich określonego porządku.
EN
The purpose of the paper is to discuss Aristotle’s account of homonymy. The major thesis advocated here is that Aristotle considers both entities and words to be homonymous, depending on the object of his criticism. Thus, when he takes issue with Plato, he tends to view homonymy more ontologically, upon which it is entities that become homonymous. When, on the other hand, he gainsays the exegetes or the sophists, he is inclined to perceive homonymy more semantically, upon which it is words that become homonymous. Subsequently, this article shows that Aristotle values homonymy negatively in dialectical discussions, but positively in rhetorical and poetic arts. Finally, the present paper demonstrates that Aristotle regards systematic homonymy as a very useful theoretical tool that makes it possible to critically examine the basic terminological assumptions of any philosophical inquiry.
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