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Electrum
|
2014
|
vol. 21
117–131
EN
Vespasian and his sons were forced to create their own style of politics, and, in search of auctoritas and maiestas, they could not neglect the realm of religion. We should bear in mind that in the Roman world, religion was an integral and indispensable component of social and political life. For these reasons, these representatives of the Roman Imperial Dynasty, just like their predecessors and successors, successfully used different forms of activity surpassing the narrow interpretation of the domain of religio, including massive building programmes, monetary policy or even poetry, to express devotion and respect for mores maiorum as well as to confirm the legality of their power by presenting the divine approval of their political strength. It seems legitimate to acknowledge that the Flavian era did not bring revolutionary changes in traditional religion. This clearly shows that the new dynasty was perfectly aware that one of the aspects of a well-functioning Rome was preservation of the ancestors’ customs and a belief in divine protection which could ensure safety, strength and belief in the unity of the Empire.
EN
Christian tradition has not been consistent with regards to the date of the Book of Revelation. According to ancient sources, the book was written under Claudius, Nero, Domitian, or Trajan. Among these four traditions, the strongest is that associated with Domitian. The first proponent of this view was Irenaeus. He was quoted by Eusebius, Victorinus, Jerome and several other Church Fathers, because they believed he was a disciple of a disciple of John the Apostle, the author of the Book of Revelation. Consequently, Irenaeus was commonly treated as the best source of information on this subject. This view was dominant among Biblical scholars until to the present day. Evidence for the earlier date under Nero is even older, but not as strong. This view was rejected by majority of Church Fathers. At the present time, only some scholars prefer the Neronic date.
PL
Głosy tradycji dotyczące daty Apokalipsy są niejednorodne. Według starożytnych źródeł księga ta została napisana za cesarza Klaudiusza, Nerona, Domicjana oraz Trajana. Wśród tych wskazań najsilniejsze wsparcie uzyskuje cesarz Domicjan. Pierwszym zwolennikiem takiego datowania był Ireneusz. Pogląd Ireneusza był cytowany przez Euzebiusza, Wiktoryna, Hieronima i kilku innych Ojców Kościoła, stał się poglądem dominującym ze względu na przekonanie, że Ireneusz był uczniem ucznia Jana Apostoła, autora Apokalipsy. W rezultacie Ireneusz był powszechnie traktowany jako najlepsze źródło informacji na ten temat. Ten pogląd dominuje wśród biblistów po dzień dzisiejszy. Świadectwa na rzecz powstania Apokalipsy w czasach Nerona są nawet starsze, ale nie mają tak silnego oparcia wśród autorytetów. Pogląd ten był odrzucany przez większość ojców Kościoła. Obecnie jedynie niektórzy bibliści opowiadają się za czasami Nerona, jako datą powstania tej księgi.
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