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EN
Emigration is a significant context of Rogowski’s work; it also sheds light on the complex history of his music’s reception in the country of his origin. The composer spent over half of his life outside of Poland (38 out of 73 years). After studying under the supervision of Zygmunt Noskowski he developed his education in the years 1906–1908 in European centres: Leipzig, Munich, Rome. He did not feel an emigrant at that time, he was a Pole living temporarily abroad. Rogowski’s eight-year stay in France (1911–1912 and 1914–1921) may be considered in terms of emigration as well as the 28 years of living in Dubrovnik (1926–1954). Those two periods are different from each other in many ways. During the first of them, the composer was active in the Polish diaspora: he established a choir and wrote incidental music with patriotic message. In Dubrovnik, Rogowski was one of a handful of Poles but he did not feel alienated. Soon he blended into the local community co-creating the musical life of the city. In terms of artistic results, the Dubrovnik period cannot equal with the French time in his life, when the best compositions and a study Muzyka przyszłości [The Music of Future] were written. The ambitious author referred then to the common trends popular at that time in European music, such as the search for reviving musical language or fascination with the Orient. The musical circles of Dubrovnik, of which Rogowski was a central figure, could not play an inspiring nor a controlling function towards him. Choosing the fate of a voluntary anchorite on the shores of the Adriatic Sea, the composer condemned himself to gradual oblivion in his first homeland.
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The paper presents one of the many dimensions of Konstantin Petkovic’s case – his diplomatic career in the service of the Russian Empire. Konstantin Petkovic is a part of the team of the leading Russian diplomat – Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov. He is the last chancellor of the Russian Empire and head of the foreign policy of the Northern Empire during the reign of Emperor Alexander II. His diplomatic career is in Ragusa (Dubrovnik) and Lebanon.
EN
One of the first writers from Dubrovnik who has attempted to write a comprehensive history of Turkey was Benedictine Louis de Crieva called Tuberon (1458-1527). In the sixth book of his political memoir Commentarii de temporibus suis, he provided a description of the origin, customs and outline of the history of the Turks. The analysis of his work leads to conclusion, that it was a response to a great interest in this topic in the 16th Europe. Moreover, the author attempted to give a full lecture of the history of Turks, although he knew very little about the history of sultans in the 14th and the first half of the 15th century.
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Katoličtí Srbové z oblasti Dubrovníku a Dalmácie

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EN
The goal of this study is to introduce, on the basis of secondary sources, the origin, expansion, and to a limited extent (owing to the heretofore unutilized sources) also the demise of the community of Dalmatian Roman Catholic Serbs. Preferential treatment was afforded to the community’s local center of Dubrovnik with attention paid both to its practical and also symbolic meaning, on account of the numerousness of the local Catholic Serb population there and in the second case also the cultural heritage associated with them. Their ethnic roots as well as their relations with Orthodox Serbs, local Croats and also the Catholic Church are also discussed. More familiarity with the history this community also contributes to filling in our knowledge about the national movements of both nations, including their national ideologies and relations within the Catholic Church in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The goal was to present this marginalized minority and, along with it, also the complexity of the nation-building process in Dalmatia, particularly in the area of the historical Republic of Dubrovnik. Even today, the existence of this group represents a fairly sore spot within the scope of Serbian and Croatian historiography. It is primarily the period of time from the 1840s to the 1940s that is captured, when the Dalmatian Catholic Serbs acted as a self-reflective historical entity.
PL
This article describes the experience of the community of Serb-Catholics living in Dubrovnik in the early twentieth century. It is based primarily on an investigation of the literary and cultural periodical Srdj (1902–08). This study focuses, firstly, on the conceptual ambivalence resulting from efforts to apply linguistic criteria to determine Serbian identity and, secondly, on the efforts to construct a mental map that would serve projections of Serbian symbolic territory. While the presence of the Serb-Catholic milieu in the city was short-lived (from the mid-nineteenth century to the First World War), it nevertheless left traces on the urban landscape that typified the ambivalent formation of national identity along religious lines, as Croatians were associated with Catholicism and Serbs with Orthodoxy.
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Zmierzch bogów w Dubrowniku

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EN
The Croatian film Occupation in 26 pictures (1978), directed by Lordan Zafranović is considered as one of the most controversial vision of the Second World War in Yugoslav cinema. The director uses the ornamental style, modeled on Italian cinema, to portray the change of power in Dubrovnik in 1941 – at the beginning of the fascist occupation of the city. He juxtaposes the licentiousness of Italian, German and Croatian fascists and the fall of the Dubrovnik aristocracy and the rebellion of communists. The political changes in the city are presented against the background of its rich cultural tradition. Zafranović highlights the beauty of Dubrovnik’s architectural and natural landscape that fascists desecrate. Decadent poetics with its aesthetic excess allows him to refresh and deepen the communist interpretation of the fascist occupation.
PL
Besides an abundant musical output, the rich legacy of Ludomir Michał Rogowski (1881-1954) also contains numerous writings, a special place among which is held by Muzyka przyszłości [The music of the future], written in 1919 and published three years later. In this work Rogowski asserted that the possibilities for composing music on the basis of the major, minor and chromatic scales were exhausted. He went on to propose an expansion of the repertoire of scales, giving two criteria for the choice of scales: ‘naturalness’ and ‘rhythmicity’. A ‘natural’ scale is one which can be read from the sequence of fifth steps of the twelve-note chromatic scale in equal temperament. The simplest example is the anhemitonic pentatonic scale. The concept of the renewal of tonal material is central to Muzyka przyszłości, but its author formulates an idea about the rhythmic essence of musical form as well. In his considerations on this subject, he proceeds from the nature-related phenomenon of symmetry. He treats the simplest symmetrical pattern, the ternary form ABA, as an elementary manifestation of rhythm expanded into form. References to nature also occur in Rogowski’s texts on national music. In this context, folk music represents such values connected with nature as simplicity, honesty and freshness; it is devoid of all artificiality or posture, free from all convention. In Rogowski’s musical output, a fascination with nature became a powerful source of inspiration, from which many symphonic works of a programmatic character emerged. The connection with nature and joy of life - the crucial values of Mediterranean culture - are conveyed by the music of Cortege de Dionysos and by the whole of composer’s oeuvre. Rogowski confirmed his belonging to the culture of the South not only with his music. When, in 1926, he left Warsaw for Dubrovnik, he confirmed it also with his life.
EN
With small exceptions, it is not possible to find in the remaining testimonies any traces of stereotypes that could be associated with the images of the Balkans, the Orient or Eastern Europe. Although the nobility of Ragusa was described as proud, this pride was presented as justified, because the bond of the most-important families with the republic reached back to the Middle Ages, and also because of the entrepreneurial spirit of the nobles that brought prosperity to the whole city. The picture was contrasted with the descriptions of Dalmatian Italians, portrayed as intruders who did not contribute to the development of the region. The difference between the perception of the Italian and Ragusan elite was connected with the concept of a nation that became one of the key elements of the Napoleonic policy in Europe.
PL
Szlacheckie rody i mieszczaństwo Raguzy oceniane były przez francuskich administratorów Prowincji Iliryjskich (1809-1813) bardzo pozytywnie. Z małymi wyjątkami próżno doszukiwać się w pozostawionych świadectwach śladów stereotypów, które można by połączyć z obrazami Bałkanów, Orientu, czy Europy Wschodniej. Choć szlachta Raguzy była opisywana jako dumna, lub nawet wyniosła, to duma ta została przedstawiona jako uzasadniona, ponieważ więź najznamienitszych rodzin z republiką sięgała czasów średniowiecza, a także z powodu przedsiębiorczego ducha, który przyniósł dobrobyt całemu miastu. Z obrazem tym kontrastowały opisy dalmatyńskich Włochów, przedstawianych jako intruzi, którzy nie przyczyniali się do rozwoju regionu. Różnica między percepcją włoskich i dubrownickich elit była związana z pojęciem narodu, które stało się jednym z kluczowych elementów polityki napoleońskiej w Europie.
EN
The article is devoted to the family history of the Stein family. Unique genealogical information about seven generations of the family is given. According to the family legend, the Stein family moved to the Catholic Poland in the second half of the 16th century after the victory of the reformation movement in Germany. The representatives of the Stein family served to the Polish, Russian, and Austrian Crown. This paper traces the history of the Russian branch of the family, which includes officers and government officials, writers, and journalists. One of the main characters of the publication is the famous philologist and Slavist Sergey Vladimirovich Stein (1882–1955). For the first time, it was possible to precisely reconstruct the events of the last 15 years of S. V. Stein's life. The article is accompanied by a large number of illustrations, most of which are published for the first time.
PL
Przedmiotem zainteresowania w niniejszym artykule jest historia rodziny Stein. W tekście przedstawione zostały unikalne dane genealogiczne o siedmiu pokoleniach rodu. Rodzina Stein, zgodnie z legendą, przeniosła się do katolickiej Polski w drugiej połowie XVI w. po zwycięstwie Reformacji w Niemczech. Przedstawiciele rodziny Stein służyli władcom Polski, Rosji i Austrii. W danym artykule uwaga zostaje skupiona na rosyjskiej gałęzi rodu, w której można odnaleźć m.in. oficerów, urzędników państwowych, literatów, czy też dziennikarzy. Jednym z głównych bohaterów publikacji jest słynny filolog i slawista Siergiej Władimirowicz Stein (1882–1955). Po raz pierwszy udało się dokładnie odtworzyć wydarzenia z ostatnich piętnastu lat życia S. W. Steina. W artykule znajduje się ponadto duża ilość ilustracji. Dla większości z nich jest to pierwsza publikacja.
EN
Despite the increasing threat from the Turks and the chaos they brought to the Balkans, the first half of the 15th century was a period of economic boom in the Dubrovnik Republic. Thanks to skilful diplomacy and the activity of Dubrovnik merchants, the city’s trade flourished. As Turkish conquests in the Balkans progressed, the ability of the people of Dubrovnik to function in the new conditions became a key issue. The author analyzed selected aspects of the economic activity of the people of Dubrovnik in the territories occupied by the Turks in the second half of the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. The study considers their involvement in the extraction and trade of minerals (mainly silver and lead), and their activity in the trade of salt and forest, field and stall goods. The collected material shows that the Turkish invasion put the Dubrovnik merchants in a difficult situation. Trade in Bulgaria collapsed temporarily. In Bosnia and Serbia, the crisis first affected the mining and trade of silver, and then lead. However, even in the most difficult moment, the Ragusans were able to maintain the exchange of other goods with lands in the Bosnian and Serbian hinterlands. They also managed to defend their salt trade and skillfully reorganize the grain trade. As shown by the example of the Bulgarian lands, they were even able to regain previously lost positions under changed conditions.
PL
Mimo narastającego zagrożenia ze strony Turków i chaosu jaki wnieśli oni na Bałkany, pierwsza połowa XV w. była okresem rozkwitu gospodarczego Republiki Dubrownickiej. Dzięki zręcznej dyplomacji i aktywności kupców dubrownickich, handel miasta rozkwitał. W miarę postępu tureckich podbojów na Bałkanach, kluczową kwestią stała się zdolność Dubrowniczan do funkcjonowania w nowych warunkach. Autor dokonał analizy wybranych aspektów aktywności gospodarczej Dubrowniczan na ziemiach zajętych przez Turków w drugiej połowie XV i początkach XVI w. W pracy rozpatrzono ich zaangażowanie w wydobycie i handel kopalinami (głównie srebro i ołów), oraz ich działalność w handlu solą i towarami leśnymi, polnymi i kramarskimi. Z zebranego materiału wynika, iż najazd turecki postawił dubrownickich kupców w trudnej sytuacji. Przejściowo upadł handel na terenie Bułgarii. Na terenie Bośni i Serbii kryzys dotknął najpierw wydobycie i handel srebrem a następnie ołowiem. Jednak nawet w najtrudniejszym momencie Ragusanie potrafili podtrzymać wymianę innymi towarami z ziemiami na bośniackim i serbskim zapleczu. Zdołali także obronić swój obrót solą i umiejętnie przeorganizować handel zbożem. Jak pokazuje przykład ziem bułgarskich w zmienionych warunkach potrafili nawet odzyskać utracone wcześniej pozycje.
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