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Inflanty i Księstwo Kurlandii i Semigalii - inflanckie „Prusy” trochę inaczej. Kilka uwag o zapomnianej unii wileńskiej 1561 roku

100%
Jankiewicz A.
Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica
|
2013
|
issue 20
19-42
EN
The Treaty of Krakow signed in 1525 which ended definitively the existence of the Teutonic state in Prussia, became a challenge for its Livonian part. For over 30 years the Livonian province of The Order of Brothers of Saint Mary tried jointly with the Archbishopric of Riga and Livonian towns to boost development of civilization on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, seeking proper legal shape of the state. In view of the ever-increasing process of reformation, aspirations of the Livonian states, and external expansion of Moscow, Denmark and Sweden representatives of Livonia were forced to seek refuge in alliance with the king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. Ultimately, these efforts were crowned with submission of the province to the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund Augustus in exchange for rights and privileges. Finally, the union was concluded on November 28th, 1561, in Vilnius and was signed by the king and the representatives of the Livonian estates, first of all, by Gotthard Kettler – the last Master of the Livonian Order and Wilhelm Hohenzollern – the last Catholic Archbishop of Riga. Terms of surrender in feudal dependence to the Polish Crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were formulated in two very momentous acts: Pacta Subjectionis Livoniae – Provisio Ducalis that created the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia on the Prussian pattern, and granted to Gotthard Kettler the title of Duke and the general estate privilege for the nobles and burghers of Livonian towns, known as: Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti. The latter document, relatively unknown in Polish and Lithuanian historiography, deserves special attention. It was referred to by the representatives of the German nobility in the Russian Empire until 1914, as a major source of legal and cultural autonomy. It established indygenat – political rights for people from the province of Livonia, built around three core concepts of autonomy: religion (right to their own religion), law (legal autonomy), school (right to their own education). The vast majority of the rights granted to the Livonian nobility was linked to the republican and civic values proclaimed in Poland that were typical for the executionist movement of "enforcement of the laws" as well as with certain regulations of so-called second edition of the Statute of Lithuania (1566) that was developed in Vilnius at that time. The authors of that statute, especially Lithuanian Chancellor Mikołaj Radziwiłł The Black, Lithuanian Marshal Ostafii Wołłowicz or Piotr Roizjusz, took direct part in the negotiating Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti.
2
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Inflanty i Księstwo Kurlandii i Semigalii – inflanckie „Prusy” trochę inaczej. Kilka uwag o zapomnianej Unii Wileńskiej 1561 roku

100%
Jankiewicz A.
Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica
|
2013
|
issue 20
19-42
PL
Pokój Krakowski z 1525 r., który zakończył definitywnie istnienie Państwa Zakonnego w Prusach, stał się jednocześnie wyzwaniem dla jego inflanckiej części. Prowincja inflancka Zakonu Najświętszej Marii Panny przez ponad 30 lat próbowała wspólnie z arcybiskupstwem ryskim i miastami inflanckimi, kontynuować dzieło cywilizacyjne na wschodnich wybrzeżach Bałtyku, poszukując właściwego kształtu prawno-państwowego. Wobec procesów coraz silniejszej reformacji, aspiracji stanów inflanckich oraz zewnętrznej ekspansji moskiewskiej, duńskiej i szwedzkiej, przedstawiciele prowincji zmuszeni byli szukać ratunku w sojuszu z królem Korony Polskiej i wielkim księciem litewskim. Ostatecznie wysiłki te zostały uwieńczone poddaniem prowincji w zależność lenną królowi polskiemu i wielkiemu księciu litewskiemu Zygmuntowi Augustowi w zamian za uzyskane prawa i przywileje. Zostało ono sfinalizowane w unii zawartej 28 listopada 1561 r. w Wilnie, podpisanej przez króla oraz przedstawicieli stanów inflanckich, w tym przede wszystkim przez Gotharda Kettlera – landmistrza inflanckiej części Zakonu Niemieckiego i Wilhelma Hohenzollerna – ostatniego katolickiego arcybiskupa Rygi. Warunki poddania w zależność lenną od Korony Polskiej i Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego zostały sformułowane w dwóch niezmiernie doniosłych dokumentach: Pacta Subjectionis Livoniae – Provisio Ducalis – powołujące do życia, na wzór pruski, Księstwo Kurlandii i Semigalii i nadające dożywotnio Gothardowi Kettlerowi tytuł księcia oraz rodzaj generalnego przywileju stanowego dla szlachty i mieszczan miast inflanckich, znany pod nazwą: Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti. Ten drugi dokument stosunkowo mało znany w polskiej i litewskiej historiografii, zasługuje na szczególną uwagę. Był on przywoływany przez przedstawicieli szlachty niemieckiej w imperium rosyjskim do 1914 r., jako główne źródło autonomii prawno-kulturowej. Ustanawiał on indygenat – zespół praw politycznych dla osób pochodzących z prowincji inflanckiej, zbudowany wokół trzech zasadniczych dla autonomii pojęć: Glaube (prawo do własnej religii), Recht (autonomia prawna), Schule (prawo do własnego szkolnictwa). Zdecydowana większość praw przyznanych szlachcie inflanckiej związana była z głoszonymi w Koronie wartościami republikańskimi i obywatelskimi Rzeczypospolitej, charakterystycznymi dla ruchu „egzekucji praw” oraz z niektórymi regulacjami zawartymi w opracowywanej wówczas w Wilnie tzw. drugiej redakcji Statutu Litewskiego (1566). Autorzy tej redakcji statutu, przede wszystkim kanclerz litewski Mikołaj Radziwiłł Czarny, marszałek litewski Ostafii Wołłowicz czy Piotr Roizjusz, brali bezpośredni udział w negocjowaniu teksty Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti.
EN
The Treaty of Krakow signed in 1525 which ended definitively the existence of the Teutonic state in Prussia, became a challenge for its Livonian part. For over 30 years the Livonian province of The Order of Brothers of Saint Mary tried jointly with the Archbishopric of Riga and Livonian towns to boost development of civilization on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, seeking proper legal shape of the state. In view of the ever-increasing process of reformation, aspirations of the Livonian states, and external expansion of Moscow, Denmark and Sweden representatives of Livonia were forced to seek refuge in alliance with the king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. Ultimately, these efforts were crowned with submission of the province to the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund Augustus in exchange for rights and privileges. Finally, the union was concluded on November 28th, 1561, in Vilnius and was signed by the king and the representatives of the Livonian estates, first of all, by Gotthard Kettler – the last Master of the Livonian Order and Wilhelm Hohenzollern – the last Catholic Archbishop of Riga. Terms of surrender in feudal dependence to the Polish Crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were formulated in two very momentous acts: Pacta Subjectionis Livoniae – Provisio Ducalis that created the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia on the Prussian pattern, and granted to Gotthard Kettler the title of Duke and the general estate privilege for the nobles and burghers of Livonian towns, known as: Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti. The latter document, relatively unknown in Polish and Lithuanian historiography, deserves special attention. It was referred to by the representatives of the German nobility in the Russian Empire until 1914, as a major source of legal and cultural autonomy. It established indygenat – political rights for people from the province of Livonia, built around three core concepts of autonomy: religion (right to their own religion), law (legal autonomy), school (right to their own education). The vast majority of the rights granted to the Livonian nobility was linked to the republican and civic values proclaimed in Poland that were typical for the executionist movement of "enforcement of the laws" as well as with certain regulations of so-called second edition of the Statute of Lithuania (1566) that was developed in Vilnius at that time. The authors of that statute, especially Lithuanian Chancellor Mikołaj Radziwiłł The Black, Lithuanian Marshal Ostafii Wołłowicz or Piotr Roizjusz, took direct part in the negotiating Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti.
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