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1

PROBLEMS OF THE 'EARLY BRONZE AGE' IN THE AREA OF LOWER DANUBE (ROMANIA)

100%
Schuster C.
Acta Archaeologica Carpathica
|
2004
|
vol. 39
87-122
EN
Thirty years after publishing Petru Roman's article in Acta Archaeologica Carpathica about the beginnings of the 'early Bronze age' in the area of contemporary Romania, a survey of new facts was carried out. The significance of Danubian regions, such as Muntenia, Oltenia, Banat, and Dobrogea, where many new complexes have been discovered, has been emphasised. New materials are also known from Moldova. The recapitulation presents conclusions on the formation of the early Bronze Age civilisation in the area of the lower Danube and the role of local factors in this process.
2
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PRAVEKÉ FAJANSOVÉ KORÁLIKY Z HROBU 1 V SPIŠSKÝCH TOMÁŠOVCIACH

100%
Staššíková-Štukovská D., Hložek M.
Študijné zvesti
|
2009
|
issue 45
69 - 77
EN
The basic results of interdisciplinary analysis of primeval faience beads (terminus technicus in archaeology) have been presented. They were found in the grave N. 1 at the site Spišské Tomášovce, position 3, Fortification I. The findings of five beads with partially saved layers of glass glaze with turquoise colouring on the surface have been examined. The beads were found in the skeleton grave No 1 of the Košťany Culture from Early Bronze Age. The optical investigation has been made by microscope Jena Vert Carl Zeiss Jena with CCD -Iris Sony camera. The chemical content of the beads has been specified with the help of electronic microscopy (SE M). The petrographic characteristics of the findings have been specified with microscope Olympus EX50. The conclusion was that the beads were produced probably with the method of cementation and were coloured with the use of oxide of copper.
3

CENTRAL EUROPEAN IMPULSES IN EASTERN EUROPE IN THE EARLY SECOND MILLENNIUM BC

100%
Grigoriev S.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2019
|
vol. 67
|
issue 2
225 – 239
EN
Eastern European cultures of the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC, first of all, Babino and Abashevo, to a lesser extent Lola and Sintashta, have some Central European inclusions, indicating migration from west to east during this period. This makes it possible to establish chronological relations of the complexes of Eastern Europe, the Urals and Kazakhstan at the transition from the Eurasian Middle to Late Bronze Age with the Central European Early Bronze Age2 complexes. Most of the parallels between these regions are dated within broad chronological frameworks. However, comparison of the whole complex of common features allows determining the initial date of the discussed Eastern cultures within phase A1c of Central Europe, which is in a good agreement with radiocarbon dates. Analysis of these materials shows that components formed on the post-Bell-Beaker and post-Corded basis penetrated into Eastern Europe. At the same time, there was a flow from the south, and it is possible that it reached Central Europe.
4

Anthropomorphic Figurines of early Bronze Age Anatolia

100%
Makowski M.
Archeologia
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2005
|
vol. 56
7-30
EN
This paper deals with anthropomorphic figurines of Early Bronze Age Anatolia: their typology, meaning and function. Having rejected hitherto existing interpretations as unfounded, the present author analyses the figurines' formal features and their find contexts in order to reconstruct the way they were used and the symbolic meaning they supposedly conveyed. The analysis of the development of Anatolian figurines enables us to trace the genesis of the so-called 'idols', that is schematic stylized figurines characteristic for the eastern Mediterranean in later prehistory.
5
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FAJANSA A JANTÁR V STARŠEJ DOBE BRONZOVEJ

100%
Marková K.
Študijné zvesti
|
2009
|
issue 45
61 - 67
EN
A faience as an artificial material is connected with the development of pyro technologies and metallurgy. In south-western Slovakia it occurs in graves of the Nitra culture. In the terminating classical phase of the Únětice culture the faience was replaced by amber here. In eastern Slovakia faience appeared as soon as in the Košťany culture. The amber occurred later in this region and in the contexts of Otomani culture beads made of the both materials exist also simultaneously. Analyses proved the amber finds in the Carpathian basin being of Baltic origin. Its spreading to the Carpathian basin was connected with another aspect of metallurgy – uneven occurrence of raw materials and barter.
6

SÍDLISKOVÉ NÁLEZY ZO STARŠEJ DOBY BRONZOVEJ NA ULICI ZA FERENITKOU V NITRE

100%
Bobek P., Kissová M., Šimunková K.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2020
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vol. 68
|
issue suppl 1
67 – 78
EN
Archaeological excavation in Za Ferenitkou Street in Nitra has proven occupancy from the Early Bronze Age. From partially damaged Feature 1 comes large number of ceramic fragments, clay and stone objects, and also human and animal bones. In the profile of excavation pit was identified a smaller Feature 2, which besides ceramic fragments contained a piece of slag. Stratigraphic observations indicate that this location was used to settle only during the Early Bronze Age and then was repeatedly flooded with the Nitra River until modern times.
7

METALLOOBRABOTKA V SEVERO-ZAPADNOM PRIČERNOMOR´E V RANNEM BRONZOVOM VEKE

100%
Ivanova S., Videyko M., Burdo N.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2020
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vol. 68
|
issue suppl 1
273 – 283
EN
The article discussing data related to metalworking in the north-western Black Sea region between 3400–2000 BC, during the Early Bronze Age. This region is a geographical area located between the Danube, Prut and Southern Bug rivers, in the north-western part of the Black Sea steppe. It was a zone, which connected the western world of farmers (Balkan- Carpathian region) and pastoralists of the steppe. At this time, the population of the Usatovo, Yamnaya (Budzhak) and Catacomb cultures inhabited here, leaving mainly barrows – funerary places. Studying the metal artefacts of these cultures allows us to study the level of metalworking and the sources of metal in the region in the Early Bronze Age.
8

DAWN OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN SOUTH-WEST ERN SLOVAKIA. A RE-EVALUATION OF THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND CHRONOLOGY OF VÝČAPY-OPATOVCE

88%
Wilkes F., Skorna H.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2022
|
vol. 70
|
issue 1
63 – 80
EN
This paper deals with the chronology and social structure of the Early Bronze Age cemetery of Výčapy-Opatovce (Slovakia/Nitra district). Six radiocarbon dates are presented for the Nitra culture cemetery, which date Výčapy-Opatovce to the very beginning of the Early Bronze Age (2300/2200 – 1500/1400 BCE), roughly contemporaneous with the first phases of the Branč cemetery (Nitra district). A small group of graves originally attributed to the Copper Age Ludanice group also seem to date at least partially to the Bronze Age. The results of the radiocarbon dating do not support a chronological division of the cemetery. Applying a burial index (Z-transformation), five grave clusters were identified within the cemetery. These concentrations of richly furnished graves are separated from each other by poor graves. Two of the clusters could be dated by the radiocarbon dates and demonstrated different areas at the burial ground were used at the same time. The authors conclude that in particular the chronological burial site model of Ch. Bernard, which she proposed in 2005 for Výčapy-Opatovce, should be rejected. The combination of the results of the analysis of the grave indices and radiocarbon dates for Výčapy-Opatovce argues for a division of the cemetery into social groups, as initially suggested by A. Točík.
9

EXPANZIA ÚNĚTICKEJ KULTÚRY SO ZRETEĽOM NA NÁLEZY Z ÚZEMIA SLOVENSKA

88%
Mitáš V.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2013
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vol. 61
|
issue 2
203 – 321
EN
The study is dedicated to the problem of expansion of the Únětice Culture on the territory of Slovakia in the Early Bronze Age. It critically follows the experience elaborated about centenary research on the Slovak Únětice Culture. It follows the chronological and territorial framework of expansion, but even the causes and options of its realization. Archaeological finds on the expansion of this entity from the original territory to Slovakia are divided into three groups. The first group is associated with infiltration of the Únětice Culture into the settlement area of the Epi-Corded Ware Cultural Complex, reflected in the so-called small mobility. Further, it observes the intensification occurrence of the artefacts and cultural expressions of the Únětice Culture during the late classical phase of the Nitra Culture and the culmination of this process during the so-called Nitra-Únětice phase. In this phase, more extensive migrations were performed, showing attributes of the so-called great mobility – expansion of the Únětice Culture to the east of the river Morava. The second group already documents settlement of the Únětice Culture in western Slovakia. The progress is observed in the prehistoric crafts as well as changes in the burial rite, settlement dynamics and others. After establishment of the classical phase of the Únětice Culture and substantial innovation of economic sphere, ‘Carpathian colouration’ occurred in its inventory. It is considered as accelerated development and the beginning of the so-called Únětice-Maďarovce phase. The Únětice Culture in the observed area demonstrably accelerated social development and contributed to the birth of proto-urban civilization of the advanced period of the Early Bronze Age. The third group documents finds of the Únětice Culture outside of its settlement area. They point to the spread and impact of the Únětice goods, but also to the decay of its characteristic production at the end of the Early, eventually at the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age. Cardinal discovery is its ‘exchange-trade-prospector’ background and association to the main communications and exchange-trade routes in the Early Metal Age. Migrations connected with the Únětice Culture may have been realized through overland, as well as river connections. Routes leading through the Bratislava Gate or through the Bratislava West Carpathian passes are hypothetically considered.
10

AEROPHONIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS IN THE MIERZANOWICKA CULTURE

88%
Baczynska B., Babel J. T.
Sprawozdania Archeologiczne
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2007
|
vol. 59
325-343
EN
The article concerns the problem of the appearance of the oldest aerophonic instruments in Central Europe in form of the bone pipes. The people of the Mierzanowice culture knew them in the Early Bronze Age. This fact is confirmed by the remains in the graves from Malopolska and Sandomierz Uplands. Pan flutes were known however already in Eneolithic Age in the Corded Ware culture.
11

RADIOCARBON REVOLUTION AND ‘HISTORICAL’ COUNTERREVOLUTION. CHRONOLOGY OF EUROPE, EURASIA AND CHINA IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 2ND MILLENNIUM BC

88%
Grigoriev S.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2020
|
vol. 68
|
issue suppl 1
171 – 177
EN
A significant problem in archaeology is the inconsistency between the radiocarbon chronology and the chronology built on the Near Eastern written sources. At the same time, the use of a more advanced AMS method gives younger dates that drift towards historical ones. Comparison of the Eurasian Sintashta and Seima-Turbino complexes with Near Eastern and Chinese materials, as well as with the dendrochronology of the Alpine zone, showed the closeness of these chronological systems. It follows from this that historical dates are more correct than radiocarbon dates.
12
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POHREBISKO KOŠTIANSKEJ KULTÚRY V KOŠICIACH

88%
Gábor P.
Študijné zvesti
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2016
|
issue 60
51 - 78
EN
Origin of the Košťany culture partly explained material (research in the years 1965 – 1966) from the cemetery on the position Nižné Kapustníky in Košice. The cemetery is situated in the inundation area river Hornád, south of the heating plant. Overall was uncovered 2400 m2. Graves of the Košťany culture are spread almost in regular rows and the average distance between them is about 150 cm. The graves don´t forming isolated groups by age, gender or social affiliation. In all the tombs were found buried skeletal individuals in a crouched position. The most widely combination in two skeletal graves is mother with a child. Several graves were damaged contemporaries (stealing), younger interventions of the Otomany culture (superposition) and modern sand and gravel mining. Type chronological analysis, horizontal stratigraphy and partly seriation was foundation for internal chronology of the cemetery. There are three developmental stages: initial, transient and classic Košťany culture.
13

NÁLEZ BRONZOVEJ DÝKY Z CÍFERA-PÁCU, OKRES TRNAVA

88%
Mitáš V., Rajtár J., Tirpák J.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2020
|
vol. 68
|
issue suppl 1
409 – 416
EN
The analysed short dagger with an unevenly rounded/trapezoidal blade base with four openings for rivets was discovered during the systematic surface prospection in the village of Cífer-Pác (Trnava district). X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (ED-XRF) of the dagger’s surface confirms that it is made of tin bronze. With regard to the chemical composition of the dagger and typologically close finds of daggers from the Bronze Age in Slovakia and neighbouring territories, we can assume that the artefact was cast in the chronological period between stages BA2–BB1. The dagger from Cífer-Pác extends the group of bronze daggers as well as our knowledge of bronze metallurgy at the end of the Early Bronze Age/beginning of the Middle Bronze Age in Western Slovakia.
14

POHREBISKÁ ÚNĚTICKEJ KULTÚRY V NOVÝCH ZÁMKOCH

88%
Godiš J.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2020
|
vol. 68
|
issue suppl 1
145 – 154
EN
This paper aims to publish a summary of previously known, yet so far unpublished Únětice culture grave findings from within the town limits of Nové Zámky, which unequivocally show a dense and stable settlement network in this micro-region. There are presented inhumation burials documented during field excavations of the local regional museum (presently Ján Thain Museum) in the areas of Žofijská osada and Paneláreň, as well as older rescue excavations of the Institute of Archaeology SAS in Nitra in the areas of Tehelňa and Ragoňa.
15

EARLY BRONZE AGE SETTLEMENT IN THE VICINITY OF SÜTTŐ

88%
Fejér E.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2022
|
vol. 70
|
issue 1
33 – 62
EN
In 2018 the Archaeological Institute of the Eötvös Loránd University and the Archaeological Heritage Protection Directorate of the Hungarian National Museum carried out excavations at Süttő-Sáncföldek (North Transdanubia, Hungary) within the framework of the Interreg DTP Iron Danube Project. The site is located near to the prehistoric multiperiod fortified settlement of Süttő-Nagysánctető and it has already been known of two Early Iron Age cemeteries. Recent fieldwork has unearthed an Early Bronze Age feature, among others, which provided evidence of EBA settlement on the site. Although previous research by Éva Vadász and Gábor Vékony also discovered some EBA material from the area in the 1980’s, that has remained unmentioned and unpublished. This paper presents the EBA findings of Süttő-Sáncföldek and three other contemporary sites (Süttő-Tatai úti dűlő II, Lábatlan-Hosszúföldek, Lábatlan-Rózsa F. utca) in the region, which were found in the second half of the 20th century. The data provided here outline a dense network of EBA sites around Süttő, which consists of a possible fortified settlement, three open settlements and a burial ground. The findings represent the material culture of the Makó-Kosihy-Čaka complex in North Transdanubia, but connections to South Transdanubia and to the pottery traditions of the Moravian Corded Ware culture can also be detected.
16
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NÁLEZY ZO STARŠEJ A ZAČIATKU STREDNEJ DOBY BRONZOVEJ Z PONITRIANSKEJ GALÉRIE V NITRE

88%
Marková K., Samuel M.
Študijné zvesti
|
2008
|
issue 43
63 - 93
EN
The article treats finds from the Early Bronze Age and the beginning of the middle Bronze which were obtained in the rescue archaeological excavation at the foot of the Nitra castle hill, in the area of Nitra Gallery (Ponitrianska galéria). In prehistoric times, the settlement was most intensive in the Early Bronze Age, when a fortified settlement of the Maďarovce culture was raised on the whole area of 8 ha. The analysed material comes from rescue excavations in years 1996 and 1997. The dating of finds and situations is done on the basis of pottery fragments, which come from the standard pottery of the Maďarovce culture. A large part of the pottery can only generally be dated to the Early Bronze Age or to the period of the Maďarovce culture. The identifiable part of the pottery dates the settlement on the castle hill as early as the Únětice-Maďarovce horizon. To the most remarkable finds of this excavation of the settlement of Maďarovce culture belongs to the double grave situated on the bottom of the settlement pit. A comprehensive view of horse finds in the milieu of the Maďarovce culture or the Maďarovce-Věteřov-Böheimkirchen cultural circle does not exist yet. In our case the object could be interpreted as a human sacrifice. The ditch, which was partly unearthed in the rescue excavation on the area of the gallery, is probably related to the fortified entrance to the settlement area on the castle hill. The division of the castle area is clearest in case of the settlement and grave finds from the Early Bronze Age and the beginning of the middle Bronze Age. They were found during the rescue excavations under the castle hill. The several of the newly published objects from this area are related to handicrafts. A part of the characteristic finds indicates activities in the post-classical phase of the Maďarovce and subsequent Tumulus culture. We assume that this area was divided from the area of the castle hill by the natural water course of Nitrička, and not by an artificial water ditch. At first, a more detailed publication of material will be able to throw light on the development and on both the inner and functional structure of this more than 40 settlement area.
17

PERIODIZACE EPIŠŇŮROVÉHO PŘIKARPTASKÉHO KULTURNÍHO KOMPLEXU NA MORAVĚ A VE SLEZSKU

88%
Peška J., Králik M.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2020
|
vol. 68
|
issue 2
219 - 252
EN
The article summarises the previous research on the Epicorded Carpathian Cultural Complex (ECCC) in Moravia and Silesia, particularly with respect to the currently used terminology and internal periodisation. Apart from typo-chronology also some methods of multidimensional statistics of several hundred grave complexes were used, whose results are mutually compared and correlated with a small series of absolute dates. Despite some inaccuracies or discrepancies, the earlier published postulates about the internal development of material culture of the ECCC were proved correct. The only representative of this development in East Moravia and in the southern part of Upper Silesia is the Nitra/Mierzanowice Culture (the formerly used Chłopice-Veselé Group/Culture represents 2 chronologically different stages). The culture is newly divided into 5 phases: Proto-Nitra Culture, Early Nitra Culture, Old, Classical and Post-classical Nitra Culture with clear characteristics of all phases, selected examples of typical representatives and distinction of 6 burial horizons in the cemetery of Holešov. Due to similarity of material, the Epicorded finds north of the Moravian Gate and in Silesia are suggested to be classified as Mierzanowice Culture, and the finds south of the Moravian Gate and in SW Slovakia should be classified as Nitra Culture.
18
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NOVÉ NÁLEZISKÁ HATVANSKEJ KULTÚRY NA DOLNOM POHRONÍ A POIPLÍ

88%
Ožďáni O.
Študijné zvesti
|
2010
|
issue 47
53 - 62
EN
The contribution evaluates ceramic vessels from two new sites of Hatvan culture in south-western Slovakia. In field walk undertaken on the hill-fort of Hatvan culture in Kamenica nad Hronom a pottery set was collected consisting of an amphora and a vase of Hatvan culture and a jar of Kisapostág culture. These finds could theoretically come from a grave collection, but they may also represent a pottery deposit. On the site in Veľké Turovce, in part Dolné Turovce, a cremation grave containing an amphora and a dish was accidentally discovered. Based on analogies and stratigraphy on the fortified settlement in Malé Kosihy, the pottery from both sites was dated to the later phase of Hatvan culture in Slovakia.
19

The Burial Ground of the Nitra Culture from Slatinice, district of Olomouc

88%
Smid M.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2006
|
vol. 54
|
issue 1
1-32
EN
On October 2002 a small burial ground of the Nitra culture was explored east of Slatinice (distr. of Olomouc). A dense concentration of the graves on a rather small place in the context with excavated area leads us to the result that we explored the entire burial site. The shortest distance to the river Morava's right bank is 11 km. The graves were situated along the oval perimeter with an empty centre, the longer axis of which was SW-NE oriented and 22.5 m long; the shorter axis was NW-SE oriented and 15 m long. Fourteen graves were of oblong ground plan, in six graves the pit shape can be classified as a deformed rectangle, other two were trapeze. All of them have more or less rounded corners. The sidewalls of four graves were stepped. As far as their size is concerned, the grave pits rather varied. Apart from the children graves, the size of which corresponded with the deceased's age, the limits ranged between 215 x 135 cm and 130 x 85 cm. In the both men were buried. Comparing the size of these grave pits with those in which the women were buried, we found no substantial difference between male and female burials. The burial ground is characterised by a strict bipolarity in burying the deads. The men were lying on their right side, with the head to the SW, and the women on their left side, with the head to the NE. Equipment of the graves under study was relatively poor, consisting of pottery, copper jewellery, cylindrical bone or antler beads, flat nacre beads (total number of approx. 1000 pieces), the beads made of green-blue glass material - faience, bone awls and silicite blades and arrow points. Remains of meaty food, found at bottoms of vessels or in their vicinity can be classified as a charity. Only in one case the animal ribs were lying free behind the dead's back. Pottery was found in 9 graves (41%) and only 4 burials were without any equipment. The spectral analysis of the metal ornaments showed they were made of copper of the Slovak provenience; the analysis of the faience proved their Egyptian origin. Apart from the graves also industrial objects were explored on the area, 5 of them were of La Téne origin, 11 from the Roman period and 6 objects cannot be dated, lacking any finds.
20

THE CORD EPISTEME - CULTURAL CODE OF THE WOUND CORDS (Snurova epistema - kulturny kod spletenych povrazkov)

88%
Wiedermann E.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2010
|
vol. 58
|
issue 2
243-258
EN
Geographic area of the northern inner west-Carpathian foothills, that is almost identical with the territory of present-day Slovakia, was a part of the south-western border line of cultures of the corded complex at the turn of the older and younger periods of prehistory. In spite of the fact that in this area no distinct settlement structure belonging to any of the cultures of this group has been found up to now, the corded ornament has its phenomenal position here. The study, which is including also a palaeotechnological reconstruction, is investigating the corded ornament and its semantic, cognitive and philosophical aspects by the method of structured research. In addition to information about the creator himself, the ornament can bear also information about his community and contact communities as well. In the local west-Carpathian society, where the ornament was an element of different culture, the symbolic sign (wounded cords) could repeatedly demonstrate the creator's exclusivity within the sociogroup, i. e. affiliation (a foreign but established member) with another - originally 'corded' community. In different category - as an index sign - the ornament could represent also a relation to a specific family line or also information of different kind (measure, exchange, commodity parameters of the object - representative, or associations). The structured approach leads to presentation of two basic ornament forms - the aesthetic (artistic-utility-decorative) form and the informative (communication- purpose) form. Subjective platform of the ornament, however, in the both cases was created by a system of deep abstract thought - the corded civilization episteme. The notion is expressing a distinctive cultural code, general perception of world, a conception, arrangement, order and also spontaneous structure of thinking of prehistoric society. It represented a sum of values and principles of remarkably strong inner energy, which probably unconsciously kept a trend of group thinking. We interpret it as the corded civilization episteme, which in the given area and time represented itself by a special, inside converging and outside delimiting way of leading. In autochthonous communities of the west-Carpathian territory the corded civilization episteme survived for almost thousand years. In spite of the fact that it did not occur as a whole-society domain, but rather as a distant civilization episteme, the most probably it kept leading for the whole period of its existence. This concealed, unconscious and peculiar structure of thought, which was remarkable by its exclusivity, specific perception of world and in the long term symbolized by the corded ornament, survived in a turbulent heterocultural environment of the borderline of north-eastern and southern cultural complexes during the whole period of upper metallicum from the Late Aeneolithic up to the entering Tumulus cultures.
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