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Prusy Wschodnie w polityce niemieckiej Józefa Piłsudskiego

100%
Kempa R.
Białostockie Teki Historyczne
|
2013
|
vol. 11
181-194
EN
East Prussia never belonged to Marshal Józef Piłsudski’s sphere of serious interest, irrespective of the period of his political activity. Both in the territorial and military context, East Prussia was merely a derivative of general guidelines of Piłsudski’s and Poland’s policy towards Germany. Despite the fact that nobody questioned the potential threat connected with the East Prussia protrusion, no specific plan of operations for this area was worked out in case of war, and the Marshal himself marginalized the actuality of this threat. Even though, to some degree, such behavior may be explained by the lasting since 1934 disproportion between Polish and German military forces, it is hard not to notice the negligible position of East Prussia on the list of the Marshal’s priorities.
2

'JAHRESBERICHTEN' AS A SOURCE FOR THE HISTORY OF EDUCATION (EXAMPLE OF THE SECONDARY SCHOOL REPORTS IN THE 19TH CENTURY EAST PRUSSIA) (Polish title below)

100%
Chrzanowski T.
Klio. Czasopismo poświęcone dziejom Polski i powszechnym
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2011
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issue 1(16)
77-93
EN
(Polish title: 'Jahresberichten' jako zrodlo do historii edukacji (na przykladzie sprawozdan wschodniopruskich szkol srednich z XIX wieku)). One of the most important tasks of the Prussian secondary schools, reformed in the years 1808-1812, was the publication of annual school reports. That type of documents is of early modern origin but these were the Prussian authorities that through a series of regulations gave them during the 19th century a unified character. The purpose of this article is to characterize that type of source and evaluate its significance for historical-educational research on the example of the 19th century secondary school reports in the province of East Prussia. The first step is to emphasize the opportunity of getting to know, thanks to those publications, some of the scholar achievements of secondary school teachers, as a scientific treatise, written by one of them, was supposed to be an integral part of school reports. These dissertations allow us to get acquainted not only with the views of teachers on the issues of pedagogy, but also to become familiar with the research on the regional history as well as the history of individual schools. Equally important to the education historian is the second essential part of school reports, comprising information about schools (Schulnachrichten), the material covered, teaching methods, modes of teaching, students' number, origin and confession as well as teachers' records. The school reports do not reflect all the aspects of Prussian school in the 19th century and an education historian, seeking to obtain a more complete picture, has to look for informations in other sources such as daily newspapers, science magazines, correspondence, memoirs or other archival documents. There is no doubt that the printed reports constitute a primary source of the history of male secondary education in the 19th century Prussia. They contribute greatly to the state of knowledge on legal, cultural and social aspects of the history of education.
3
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POLISH AND GERMAN TRADITIONS OF CATHOLICISM IN WARMIA (Polskie i niemieckie tradycje w katolicyzmie na Warmii)

100%
Kopiczko A.
Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny
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2010
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vol. 36
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issue 3(137)
49-63
EN
This historiography makes a distinction between German and Polish Warmia. It is based on the old structure of the population, and, broadly speaking, traditions and customs. The most visible sign of these was the language used in the south, predominantly Polish, and in the north - German, although in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, the Prussian authorities sought to unify it, in favour of the latter. Polish saints, especially St. Stanislaus, bishop and martyr, and St. Florian were taken into account in the liturgical calendar. The cult of Our Lady of Czestochowa enjoyed great popularity from the eighteenth century, and from the revelations in 1877 of Our Lady Gietrzwaldzka. Polish traditions also strengthened 'Gazeta Olsztynska', which was first published in 1886. However, after incorporating Warmia into East Prussia, Polish culture and traditions suffered a setback. The cult of saints, especially Roch, Valentine, Michael, Mark, Barbara and Rosalie still played a special role. Losiery (Opfergaenge) pilgrimages and (kiermasy) church fairs took place. Warminskie Vespers are still cultivated today. A typical warminski custom was pouring water over each other, not on Easter Monday, but on Ash Wednesday. The custom of sharing wafers and preparing many dishes as in the Polish tradition were not known. At Easter, food was not celebrated. Only funerals, weddings and baptisms were of folk character. Specific to the Warmia religiosity was the cult of the Passion of Christ, dating back to the days of the Teutonic Knights. In the People's Republic of Poland Warminskie traditions, both German and Polish, but cultivated before 1945, began to rapidly decline. It was a natural process associated with the change of population structure in these areas. In place of autochnons, Poles from different parts of the Second Republic, mainly from Eastern Poland, began to arrive, mainly from the Eastern Borderlands. In many parishes a new cult has grown up - the cult of Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn - completely unknown before. People from Kurpiowszczyzna, and later Ukrainians, brought their own customs with them.
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