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1

From Rivalry Toward Cooperation. Integration within European Economic Area

100%

Piekutowska A., Dubowski T.

Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne

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2014

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vol. 5(71)

EN

The path of European economic integration these days seems to be dominated by the European Union – its functioning and current challenges. It is however worth emphasizing, that the process of European integration together with commercial and trade aspects thereof, includes also elements which remain beyond the mainstream of Union–oriented debate and involve countries not being EU Member States. European Economic Area (EEA) is a good example of that. The supranational model of integration combined with inclinations towards more traditional, intergovernmental, concept of cooperation resulted in a very interesting form of economic integration grouping. The motives for establishing EEA, the mosaic of interests represented by states engaged, the economic conditionings in that respect and – finally – the character of EEA and the peculiar instruments of decision-making are then worth a closer analysis. No less important are perspectives of EEA further development. Those problems are the main elements of considerations presented in this contribution.

2

Winston Churchill And The European Union

75%

Troitiño D. R., Chochia A.

Baltic Journal of Law & Politics

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2015

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vol. 8

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issue 1

55-81

EN

Given Winston Churchill’s influence and achievement as a writer, historian, adventurer, soldier, artist, and politician, his participation in the European integration process is crucial to understanding the entire scope of the project in its origins. Churchill was a fundamental voice promoting the Franco-British Union, a promoter of the European Communities, and an active participant of the Congress of Europe, embryo of the Council of Europe. This article analyzes Churchill’s view of European integration through his political speeches, in particular those delivered in Zurich and in The Hague, his ideas about the League of Nations and the United Nations, his understanding of the British Empire, and the special relations between the UK and the USA. His participation in the process of uniting Europe in its early stages provides us with essential information about the original plans for the creation of a united Europe and understanding the traditional British approach to the EU, including the current position of the conservative government led by Cameron.

3

Regionalne porozumienia handlowe w Europie a liberalizacja handlu międzynarodowego

75%

Pera B.

Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie

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2011

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issue 869

61-76

EN

The process of economic integration in the world economy began more than 50 years ago, but truly gathered speed in the 1990s and continues to expand today. The aim of this paper is to present regional trade agreements in Europe and assess their influence on international trade liberalisation. The notion of the regional trade agreements and their legal basis according to WTO rules are explained. The essence of international trade liberalisation in contemporary economic relations is also included. The most important regional trade agreements are described, and in the final section their influence on international trade liberalisation is assessed.

4

Europeizacja okołoakcesyjna Finlandii

71%

Kaczmarek K.

Acta Politica Polonica

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2020

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vol. 50

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issue 2

45-54

EN

The aim of the article is to show the mechanisms that led Finland to integration with the European Union. Despite finding themselves in the Soviet sphere of influence after World War II, the Finns managed to build a welfare state and fully integrated with Western Europe. Due to its geopolitical location, the Europeanization of Finland had a special course.

PL

Celem artykułu było ukazanie mechanizmów, które doprowadziły do integracji Finlandii z Unią Europejską. Finom, którzy po II wojnie światowej znaleźli się w radzieckiej strefie wpływów, udało się zbudować państwo dobrobytu i w pełni zintegrować się z Europą Zachodnią. Ze względu na położenie geopolityczne europeizacja Finlandii miała i ma szczególny przebieg.

5

Zmiany w polskim handlu zagranicznym artykułami rolno-spożywczymi po akcesji do Unii Europejskiej

71%

Kacperska E.

Przegląd Zachodniopomorski

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2014

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issue 3/2

37-48

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the status, structure and intensity of trade in agrofood products after the Polish accession to the European Union, to identify changes resulting from the inclusion of Poland in the area of the Single European Market and the determination of the structure of intra turnover and the competitive position of Polish agro-food products in EU markets EFTA, the CIS and the USA. The paper analyzes the export and import of agro-food industry, points to changes in the dynamics of turnover and calculates indicators of comparative advantage (RCA) and indicators of specialization: B. Balassa (IB) and H.G. Grubela and P.J. Lloyd (IIT).

6

The Impact of Brexit on the Transport Industry

51%

Kerridge M.

Logistics and Transport

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2018

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vol. 40

35-42

EN

By referendum on 23 June 2016, voters in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland voted narrowly to leave the EU. The vote was called for party political reasons, as the ruling Conservative party was divided on the issue of continued EU membership, and the Government expected that a national pro-EU popular vote would silence those who wanted to leave. When the result turned out to be the opposite of what the Government expected, the Prime Minister resigned, despite an earlier pledge that he would abide by and implement the result. The new Prime Minister – who had voted to remain in the EU – repeated the pledge, even though the referendum had been an advisory, not a binding, one. The subsequent period has been spent in trying to achieve an agreement that minimises the adverse socio-economic consequences, to both sides, of a UK departure from the EU, prior to the declared leaving date of 29 March 2019. This paper examines likely effects of Brexit on the transport industry. It starts by explaining the meaning of Brexit, the timetable for UK exit, and some of the possible reasons why the referendum vote turned out as it did. (There has been a surprising lack of research into this subject, and none was undertaken by the UK Government in the aftermath of the vote.) The paper then considers the possible trade and commercial alternatives that the UK has to EU membership. ‘Norway’ or ‘Canada’ (or Canada Plus) arrangements were part of the internal discussion in the UK in the period after the referendum (which had not included a question on alternatives). A UK Government insistence (‘red line’) that the UK would no longer be subject to the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice, which interprets EU law, limited the options available to the UK. The possible consequences to the UK, if it leaves the EU without a mutually acceptable withdrawal agreement, are then considered. Having set the background to this possible event, the paper then looks at how it may affect the transport industry. All modes of transport, other than inland waterway transport which has no direct connection between the UK and other EU countries, are examined. In each case new agreements will be needed to avoid serious disruption in the event of a ‘no-deal’ Brexit that removes the UK from the single market and customs union, with the UK then being regarded as a third country for trade and transport links. The final part of the paper examines the likely effect of Brexit on the economies of the UK and the remainder of the EU (and hence transport demand). It finds that Ireland may be the most affected EU country, but that the economy of the remaining EU-27 as a whole will suffer as a result of Brexit. After Ireland, the UK economy will be hit hardest, and we may never know if that is a result that the ‘leave’ voters in 2016 expected or not.

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1 Acta Politica Polonica

1 Baltic Journal of Law & Politics

1 Logistics and Transport

1 Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne

1 Przegląd Zachodniopomorski

1 Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie

1 Chochia A.

1 Dubowski T.

1 Kacperska E.

1 Kaczmarek K.

1 Kerridge M.

1 Pera B.

1 Piekutowska A.

1 Troitiño D. R.

1 2020

1 2018

1 2015