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K proměnám postavení hrobníka

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Kotrly T.

Český lid: etnologický časopis (Český lid: Ethnological journal)

2008

vol. 95

issue 3

273-292

We have been witnesses of the revival of various moral, cultural and religious differences among people based on a concrete description of activities of a Czech gravedigger. In the recently launched standardization of particular qualifications of a gravedigger and in the manner of verification of his/her professional competence, the author, who is personally involved in this process, looks for the assumptions for establishing a cemetery open for all nationalities where religion and culture could co-exist. The text introduces both the historical (diachronic) interpretation of the position of a gravedigger as well as its socio-cultural (synchronic) delimitation. The author attempts to incorporate all objectively existing elements into the requirements laid upon professional competences of a gravedigger. Especially globalization, migration and recovery of local communities on the religious and ethnic basis belong among them.

COMMUNICATING ACROSS THE BORDER: EXHUMATION AND THE GENERIC MEMORY OF LAMENTS FOR THE DEAD (Suheldes ule piiri: ekshumatsioon ja surnuitkude zhanriline malu)

100%

Arukask M.

Mäetagused

2011

vol. 47

39-64

The present article discusses the issue of elimination of the fear of the dead as it appears in archaic cultures; first and foremost in connection with laments as a folklore genre and lamenting as a ritual practice. Primarily, it is the relevant Balto-Finnic and North Russian traditions that will be observed, in which lamenting has retained its original function of balancing the relationships between the spheres of the living and the dead, and of establishing borderlines, as well as that of restoring the interrupted social cohesion. Lament texts can be viewed as a multifunctional genre that may possibly even be addressed variously, but wherein nevertheless the interests of the community stand foremost, whereas personal psychological problems come only after them and as related to them. The lamenter's role and function in the society will also be examined. The second part of the article will, in connection with overcoming the fear of the dead, discuss exhumation - a phenomenon that has not been preserved in the North European cultures but that can, in the light of treated bones or incomplete skeletons in the graves of Bronze and Iron Ages, be assumed to have at one time existed even in Estonia. In cultures where exhumation has remained a living practice up to the present (Greek culture, for instance), it has probably also solved problems linked to the fear of the dead, since part of the person's skeleton is posthumously reincorporated into the society of the living, in the shape of an amulet or a talisman. The relevant rituals have been performed to the accompaniment of laments. The final part of the article will take a look at certain textual examples of the Seto laments for the dead, which may have preserved a distant memory of the practices connected with exhumation.

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1 Mäetagused

1 Český lid: etnologický časopis (Český lid: Ethnological journal)

1 Arukask M.

1 Kotrly T.

1 2011

1 2008

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K proměnám postavení hrobníka

COMMUNICATING ACROSS THE BORDER: EXHUMATION AND THE GENERIC MEMORY OF LAMENTS FOR THE DEAD (Suheldes ule piiri: ekshumatsioon ja surnuitkude zhanriline malu)