Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 7

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  Early Roman Period
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
1
Content available remote

Frühe römische Distelfibeln im Barbaricum

100%
Droberjar E.
Zborník Slovenského národného múzea Archeológia
|
2022
|
issue 116
81-92
EN
The study deals with the presence, typology, interpretation and dating of the early Roman, respectively of Gallo-Roman thistle fibulae („Distelfibeln“) on the barbaric territory, where they are very unique (ten fibulas on seven sites). The finds come from the territory of Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Ukraine. Their main concentration is in central Germany (Großromstedt and Schkopau) and central Bohemia (Nová Ves and Tuklaty). It can therefore be assumed that they played an important role in these two important regions with the Elbe Germanic settlement. Chronologically, they can be classified into the period from the end of phase A to B1a.
2
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Hand-made storage vessels from the Early Roman Period from south-western Lesser Poland

100%
Lasota A.
Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie
|
2010
|
vol. 2
79-91
EN
In the Early Roman Period, apart from the Przeworsk culture settlement covering southern Lesser Poland, there also occur single settlements attributed to the Púchov culture. Ceramic materials of both above-mentioned cultures contain small percentage of large-size forms used for storing supplies. They differ from other pot-like forms in manufacture technology, morphological details as well as in the limited degree of applied decoration. The paper presents results of detailed typological and technological analysis of fully preserved storage vessels, supplemented by the studies on the vast collection of specimens preserved in fragments. Collected observations show that storage vessels with flange-shaped rims appear in the Early Roman Period on the settlements of the Púchov culture, majority of which were functioning already in the late La Tène period, whilst the forms with S-shaped rim are younger (B2 phase) and occur rather further to the east, on the territories occupied by the Przeworsk culture. The typological analysis reveals strong similarity between hand-made storage vessels from the close of the La Tène period and the Early Roman Period vessels, confirming their genetic connections. In the discussed period, these forms undergo transformations that are similar to those which take place in the Púchov culture in its core territories.
3
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Zapinki oczkowate serii pruskiej z terenu kultury Dollkeim-Kovrovo

75%
Chilińska-Früboes A.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
|
2017
|
vol. LXVIII
|
issue 68
45-106
EN
The Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture (W. Nowakowski 1996) occupied Sambian Peninsula, the Pregolya River drainage and the region between the Lower Pasłęka and the Middle Łyna rivers, most of which territory now lies in the Kaliningrad Oblast of the Russian Federation (W. Nowakowski 1996, map 2; A. Chilińska-Früboes 2016a, map 1). Archaeological finds from this territory are of major relevance in the discussion of the so-called stylistic community, observed in the Early and the Younger Roman Periods in the territories of the Wielbark Culture, Przeworsk Culture and West Balt cultures (J. Andrzejowski, A. Cieśliński 2007, p. 282). One manifestation of this stylistic community is the appearance on the territory of these cultures of eye brooches of the Prussian series. In phase B2 they were the most popular form of brooch worn by the people of the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture. Eye brooches of the Prussian series differ from brooches of the main series by the presence on the foot of a pair of punched concentric rings – so-called ‘eyes’. In type A.57–61 specimens the chord and spring have the form of a narrow, rectangular-sectioned band, in variants A.62–64 – these elements are made of round-sectioned wire. Usually, lengthwise on the bow there is a zone of pseudo-filigranulation, and on the foot, in some specimens, an incised triangle. In almost all of these brooches there is an upper chord, held in place by a flat hook (O. Almgren 1897, p. 29–33, pl. III:57–64). While brooches of the Prussian series are widespread in the Barbaricum, their most apparent concentrations are observed on the Lower Vistula, in the eastern zone of the Przeworsk Culture, and in the territories of the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture and the Bogaczewo Culture (J. Andrzejowski, A. Cieśliński 2007, p. 282–283, fig. 4; cf. U. Pfeiffer-Frohnert 1998, p. 126, 128, fig. 1). More than two hundred eye brooches of the Prussian series have been recorded in the territory of the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture (cf. List 1–10, Table 1). Over a half belong to late types – A.60–61, with a bow tapering at the head, whereas earlier forms – types A.57–59 – with a bow expanded by the head – are represented by just ca. 20 specimens. Other than that, there is a small number of brooches classified to variants A.62, A.63 and A.64, and to variants A.60/62 and A.61/62 which have been separated in the present text. Almost a fourth of brooches of the Prussian series, most of them surviving incomplete or known only from brief references, could not be classified to any specific type (cf. List 10, Pl. 16:1.3.7.8.10.19.20–23). The earliest form of brooch of the Prussian series is type A.57. Similarly as brooches of the main series, these forms are decorated with punched rings on the expanded section of the bow near the head (so-called ‘wings’), and also, with three pairs of similar rings on the foot (O. Almgren 1897, p. 29–30, pl. III:57). From the territory of the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture we have at least five finds of type A.57 brooches (cf. List 1, Pl. 1). In type A.58 and A.59 specimens (List 2, Pl. 2, 3), there are no ‘eyes’ on the ‘wings’, this design is present only on the foot (O. Almgren 1897, p. 30, pl. III:58.59). At present these two types of brooch are described in the literature jointly as type A.58/59 (cf. J. Andrzejowski 1998, p. 54; S. Twardo 2003, p. 166). In the territory of Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture type A.57–59 brooches were in use in phase B2a, which coincides with the chronology proposed for them in the Wielbark and Przeworsk Cultures. They were worn by women and men alike – this is confirmed by their presence in grave inventories containing jewellery and others, furnished with weapons and tools (Table 2, 3). The number of these brooches is not large enough to recognize areas of their greater concentration (Fig. 1, 2). Nevertheless, their largest number has been recorded in the northern area of the Sambian Peninsula near to the base of the Couronian Spit, which region was one of the centres where the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture took form in phases B1–B2a (A. Chilińska-Früboes 2016a, p. 81, 88, 120, 175, 217; A. Chilińska-Früboes, in print a). Most brooches of the Prussian series known from the territory of the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture belong to type A.60 (ca. 40 specimens; cf. List 3, Pl. 4–6, 7:10.14–16) and to type A.61 (ca. 70 specimens; cf. List 4, Pl. 7:1.2, 8–12, 13:28–31.33), or to one of them – where they cannot be determined conclusively (13 specimens; cf. List 5, Pl. 13:1.2.6–8). Type A.60 and A.61 brooches differ from type A.57–59 forms in that the bow tapers near to the head. Brooches type A.60 are provided with small, usually rectangular comb between the bow and the foot, which does not appear in type A.61 brooches. In type A.60–61 brooches there is usually a zone of pseudo-filigranulation running the length of the bow; at the end of the foot, in some specimens, there is also a scored triangular design (O. Almgren 1897, p. 30, pl. III:60.61). Brooches of this type were fashioned from folded metal sheet. They were mass produced, their workmanship mediocre, which sets them apart from eye brooches of the main series. Type A.60 and A.61 brooches have a very broad distribution range (U. Pfeiffer-Frohnert 1998, p. 129, map 3–5) but form evident concentrations on the Lower Vistula and in the territories of the Dollkeim-Kovrovo (Fig. 3) and Bogaczewo Cultures. Many of these specimens have been noted in the territories of the Przeworsk Culture and of the Lithuanian-Latvian Barrows Culture, with a smaller number recovered in the territories of the Western Lithuanian, Lower Neman and Central Lithuanian Groups, in Scandinavia and in the Elbe region (M. Mączyńska 2004, p. 214, map 3, 4; 2011, p. 26–27, fig. 8; cf. W. Nowakowski 1996, p. 152–155, map 3). In the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture territory type A.60 brooches come into use in phase B2a (A. Chilińska-Drapella 2010, p. 9–10), this is confirmed by their presence in assemblages with eg., type A.58/59 brooches, and forms classified to Almgren 7th series, group V, and also, with bracelets with knob terminals (cf. Table 4). In a few assemblages type A.60 brooches were found with type A.61 brooches (cf. Table 4, 5) which have a longer chronology. The first type A.61 brooches appeared in phase B2a but most of them have surfaced in grave inventories together forms that are the most ubiquitous in phase B2b (cf. Table 5) – eg., type A.42 brooches (A. Chilińska-Früboes 2016a, p. 55–62) and ‘Sambian belt sets’ (A. Chilińska- -Drapella 2010, p. 10). Type A.61 brooches – two specimens – with the latest dating found in the territory of the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture were excavated at fmr. Wiekau, grave XXXVII (W. Nowakowski 1996, p. 49; A. Chilińska-Drapella 2010, p. 10). The same inventory held a pair of matching type A.96 brooches (A. Chilińska-Früboes 2016b, p. 234–235 – with more sources; 2016c, pl. 186:16.17), recognized as diagnostic for phase 2 of the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture which corresponds to phase B2/C1–C1a in the relative chronology (W. Nowakowski 1996, p. 50, pl. 107). Ultimately we have to conclude that type A.60 brooches occur in the territory of the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture mostly in phase B2a. This is also the time of occurrence of types A.57–59 brooches and of the first type A.61 specimens. In phase B2b, type A.57–59 brooches disappear from the record, while types A.60 and A.61 are in use, although type A.61 is known from a much larger number of finds than type A.60. The only assemblage recorded so far, containing type A.61 brooches, dated to phase B2/C1–C1a, is insufficient to extend their chronology up to the beginning of the Younger Roman Period (cf. W. Nowakowski 1995, p. 28; 1996, p. 49). In the territory of the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture type A.60 and A.61 brooches were worn, similarly as in other parts of the Barbaricum, by women and men alike – they have surfaced in inventories containing jewellery and in others – with weapons (cf. Table 4, 5). In most graves they co-occurred with other brooches – most often, clothes were fastened with two or three brooches, more rarely, with four or five (cf. M. Mączyńska 2004, p. 215). Almost all the brooches of the Prussian series had an upper chord. Except for a type A.61 brooch with a crossbow construction of its fastening which was found in grave 8 at fmr. Imten (List 4:34; Pl. 12:34). Eye brooches provided with a lower chord have been analysed by J. Andrzejowski and A. Cieśliński (2007, p. 283–286, fig. 5, 6). These specimens have been recorded mostly on the Lower Vistula and their chronology does not differ from the dating of brooches with an upper chord. Very rarely, a brooch could have its chord coiled around the bow, also as a result of repairs. In some brooches of the Prussian series recovered from the territory of the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture the bow tapers towards the foot (Pl. 2:2a, 4:2a1, 5:3i, 6:4b). This is true of type A.58/59 and A.60 brooches only, the same trait has not been observed in type A.61 specimens. Most of these brooches should be assigned to phase B2a. In type A.60–61 brooches found in the territory of the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture the bow ended in a narrow, flat hook. Except in type A.61 brooches found at fmr. Sacherau (List 4:24; Pl. 11:24) and fmr. Wiekau, grave XXXVII (List 4:28c; Pl. 12:28c2) in which the end of the bow had been folded to form a hook, of the same width as the width of the bow. Perhaps, this way of forming the hook was characteristic only for the youngest brooches of the Prussian series. A possible clue to their chronology might be the width of the foot in brooches of the Prussian series – in type A.57 and A.58/59 brooches the foot appears to be narrower than in type A.61 specimens. Most brooches of the Prussian series excavated in the territory of the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture before the war went missing during World War II, and are known only from the sketches of H. Jankuhn (Spuścizna). It appears from these drawings that many of these specimens had a foot which – rather than being spade-shaped – was pointed, sometimes rounded at the edges. In some specimens this shape was definitely the result of damage, but occasionally it was so on purpose (cf. Pl. 5:3f, 6:12, 11:21). Perhaps this feature sets apart brooches of the Prussian series produced in the territory of the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture from those manufactured in the territory of other cultures. Quite a few eye brooches of the Prussian series have on their foot terminal a scored triangular design, or a pair of oblique lines meant to imitate it. This decoration was present as a rule on older forms – types A.57–59 (Pl. 1:1a.2–4, 2:1.4.5, 3:4.6.9), sporadically – in type A.60 brooches (Pl. 4:2a3.2b, 5:3b, 6:5b.c.8.1.9, 7:16) and rarely in type A.61 (Pl. 9:4.2, 11:12, 12:26a3.28a). Where only a fragment of the foot survived, the presence of this ornament may be recognized tentatively as a clue to the chronology of that artefact – this is because the decoration with a scored triangle or oblique lines was more frequent in phase B2a than in phase B2b. From the territory of the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture we have a series of at least seven brooches classified as variant A.62 (cf. List 6, Pl. 13:1.4, 14:2.3.5). This form differs from type A.57–61 specimens by having a wire spring and chord (O. Almgren 1897, p. 32, pl. III:62), but also, usually a bipartite construction design – a separate, long spring on the axle is held in place by a long hook. It is interesting that no two similar variant A.62 brooches have been recorded while most of the mass produced type A.60–61 specimens are nearly identical. At least three brooches of the Prussian series recovered in the territory of the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture which had a spring made of wire had been repaired in antiquity (cf. O. Almgren 1897, p. 32 note 3; cf. List 7). Prior to repairs the brooches from fmr. Dollkeim and fmr. Stobingen may have belonged to types A.60 and A.61, this is why they have been described here as variants A.60/62 and A.61/62 (cf. Fig. 5). The distribution range of variant A.62 brooches is mostly in the territory of the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture (Fig. 4), outside this region their finds are exceedingly rare (O. Almgren 1897, p. 32; W. Nowakowski 1995, p. 28–29; 1996, p. 49; 1998b, 47). In the territory of the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture variant A.62 brooches occurred in phases B2a–b and were an element of women’s costume (cf. Table 6). The only finds of variant A.63 brooches – three specimens – have been recorded in the territory of the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture (cf. List 8. pl. 15:1–3, fig. 6). In this type of brooch the bow expands to a triangular shape near the head, and the fastening is made of wire (O. Almgren 1897, p. 32, pl. III:63). These specimens are rather solid, have a foot which expands to a trapeze shape, and on the bow, a zone of ornament running the length of it. These artefacts are likely to be the effect of experiments made by local craftsmen. In their style they resemble Sambian variant A.62 and type A.148 brooches. In grave inventories dated to phases B2a–b they occurred in association with tools and weapons (cf. Table 7). Another, small group of brooch finds from the territory of the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture are specimens with a spring made of wire, a strap bow, and a foot, usually flat, expanding to a trapeze shape, with no punched ring ornament; in most of these specimens the point where the bow passes into the foot is marked with a zone of ornament, more rarely, with a rib, or usually, a rectangular comb (cf. List 9; Pl. 15:1.2, 16:3.4.6–8). Such brooches correspond to variant A.64 although the latter supposedly was limited in its range only to Bornholm (O. Almgren 1897, p. 32–33, pl. III:64; Spuścizna [VII. Fibulor Fig. 62–64; Mü 1α, VBO 129, Berl. Alb. Kön 351–52]). (O. Almgren 1897, p. 32–33; cf. B. M. Rasmussen 2010, p. 116, fig. 19:a.c). Outside this island variant A.64 brooches are known from the Sambian Peninsula and the Lower Vistula region (Fig. 7). It seems that the term “variant A.64 should be treated provisionally as a classificatory term used for a group of brooches that are similar in their style to various types. Presumably, they are examples of how the style of brooches of the Prussian series was transformed (or deteriorated). These artefacts belong mostly in phase B2b, possibly also, in phase B2/C1–C1a. Some of the eye brooches of the Prussian series known from the territory of the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture were repaired in antiquity. The brooch from fmr. Dollkeim, grave 4 (List 7:1a; Pl. 14:1a) originally had a spring made of a strip of metal sheet, replaced with another, made of wire, and in order to reinforce the new construction, wrapped in some organic material. A similar method was used presumably also on a type A.58/59 brooch from fmr. Imten, grave 15 (List 2:5; Pl. 2:5) – with a spring made of a strip of metal sheet (two coils are visible), and when it was damaged, replaced with coiled wire. The same could be true of the specimen from fmr. Stobingen, grave C (List 7:2; Pl. 15:2). When in the type A.58/59 brooch recovered at fmr. Dollkeim, grave 9 (List 2:2a; Pl. 2:2a) the spring lost one of coils through breakage, an axle was inserted to reinforce it. A similar method was used in a brooch found in grave 26 in that cemetery (List 7:1b; Pl. 15:1b), and in a brooch type A.61 from fmr. Corjeiten, grave 400 (List 4:2c; Pl. 7:2c1). Presumably, also the result of repairs is an iron axle set into the brooch from fmr. Groß Ottenhagen, grave 19 (List 4:8b; Pl. 10:8b). Yet another brooch likely to have been repaired in antiquity is the stray find from fmr. Dollkeim. The surviving fragment of its damaged spring had been riveted to the bow of that brooch (DSHI 100 La Baume 9, p. 115, 245). In the type A.57 brooch from fmr. Eisliethen II, grave 4 (List 1:1a; Pl. 1:1a) the fractured hook was replaced with a new one, set into a hole punched in the bow. According to the information collected by us, in brooches of the Prussian series the element most likely to be damaged was the spring. Thanks to the study of archival records and museum holdings we can restore to scholarly circulation the series of more than two hundred eye brooches of the Prussian series found in the territory of the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture. The data collected so far concerning the finds of eye brooches of the Prussian series from the territory of the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture shows that this area, next to Zone A of the Wielbark Culture, was one of the centres of production of these brooches.
4
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Zabytki z cmentarzyska kultury przeworskiej z miejscowości Mieczki-Poziemaki, pow. ostrołęcki

75%
Watemborska K.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
|
2011
|
vol. LXII
|
issue 62
243-246
EN
In July 1969 an inhabitant of the village Mieczki-Poziemaki submitted to the State Archaeological Museum a group of objects evidently originating from a lost cemetery of Przeworsk Culture: a pottery vessel with a smooth black surface, presumably a cinerary urn, with some cremated human bone, a smaller pottery vessel, four clay spindlewhorls, and fragments of a bone comb (PMA/IV/6550). Apparently, these objects had been discovered at a depth of 1.25 m, in a sand quarry known locally as Żal (‘Sorrow’), in the village Mieczki-Poziemaki, distr. Ostrołęka. A rescue excavation made that same year by Alina Kietlińska of the State Archaeological Museum failed to identify any other archaeological features. The site of the cemetery as confirmed by a field survey made in May 2007 was on the southern margin of the village, to the east of the village road, an area of a 50 cm deep pit, which suggested that the grave-field had been completely destroyed. The larger vessel is a biconical vase with three handles – a form used quite commonly in Przeworsk Culture during phase B2 for cinerary urns. Vessels of this description, with a rich ornamented upper body, sometimes of several different motifs, are characteristic for the eastern zone of Przeworsk Culture. The smaller uncharacteristic vessel with an angular shoulder finds analogies in cemeteries at Nadkole 2, distr. Węgrów, and at Kołacz 2, distr. Mińsk Mazowiecki, where these forms are assigned to phase B2. The comb fragment correspond to type AI of S. Thomas, commonly encountered on Przeworsk Culture territory and on the Elbe R. during phase B2 and at the onset of the Late Roman Period. The clay spindlewhorls are longlived forms recorded often in sites of Przeworsk Culture of the Roman Period. It seems that the cemetery at Mieczki-Poziemaki was a burial ground typical for the eastern zone of the Przeworsk Culture. Despite the small number of finds now at hand Mieczki-Poziemaki is an important site on the archaeological map of Przeworsk Culture settlement on the border zone of Early Roman Period Przeworsk settlement in north-eastern Mazowsze.
5
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Influence of the Przeworsk culture in the Púchov culture milieu

75%
Pieta K., Švihurová M.
Acta Archaeologica Carpathica
|
2019
|
vol. LIV
107-128
EN
The material content of the Púchov culture reflects complicated cultural relations in the Carpathian area. In the Early Roman Period, southern regions of the Púchov culture inclined towards Suebian cultural environment, whereas northern areas to the Przeworsk culture. Contacts between regions located north and south of the Carpathians, in the mountainous area of northern Slovakia, have been evident from the Late La Tène Period. They have been the most intensive since the 2nd century, especially in the Roman phases B2 and B2/C1. This is particularly noticeable on the metal findings and ceramic artefacts of the Przeworsk culture in the milieu of the Púchov culture, where they influenced local production.
6
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Zgliczyn Pobodzy. Niepozorna nekropola z północnego Mazowsza

63%
Szela A.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
|
2018
|
vol. LXIX
|
issue 69
121-147
EN
The village of Zgliczyn Pobodzy is situated on a small plateau located between the backwaters of the Wkra and Mławka Rivers. The site itself lies north of the Wkra, near a small creek called Luta that flows into it (Fig. 1). First discoveries there were made already in the 1930s, when “pottery kilns” – in reality probably cremation graves containing clay vessels – were unearthed. In 1945, a cremation grave with a bronze bucket and skillet was uncovered in the course of planting fruit trees. In the years 1977–1979, the Museum of Ziemia Zawkrzeńska in Mława carried out archaeological excavations. At that time, an area of 825 square meters was explored, revealing 25 archaeological features. The analysis of the features discovered in Zgliczyn Pobodzy showed that 13 of them are cremation pit graves, two are urn graves and one is an inhumation grave. In addition, a triangular stone paving, a kiln for burning lime and small pits of undefined function were discovered at the site (Fig. 16). In most cases, pottery constituted the only grave deposit. Only graves 3 and 12 contained fragments of antler combs, while two atypical bronze brooches combining features of brooches with covered springs and brooches of series 1 group V were found in grave 10, which also contained a clay spindle whorl. In stark contrast to the aforementioned features, grave A, discovered in 1945, contained a bucket type Eggers 18 and a skillet type Eggers 131. A brooch of the type A.110 but equipped with a stop plate was found inside the bucket (Fig. 2). The bucket, which served as a cinerary urn, was covered with a clay bowl. The presence of the bucket type Eggers 18 together with the brooch type A.110 proves the significant longevity of Roman imports in the area of Barbaricum. Grave 4 is unique among other discoveries (Fig. 6–9). It was an inhumation burial placed in a stone chamber. Grave deposits consisted of a bronze skillet type Eggers 131, a set of 24 glass counters (six of each colour: white, yellow, celadon and black-blue), a pair of bronze terminals of drinking horns type C.5, bronze belt buckle type D2, bronze strap-end, two bronze chair-shaped spurs type Jahn 35, two bronze brooches – a trumpet brooch of the variant Liana 1 and a brooch type A.110 – and three clay vessels, one of which is an imitation of a glass vessel. This grave should be considered as a princely burial of the type Lubieszewo, although due to the presence of the fibula type A.110 it should be dated to the stage B2a of the Roman Period. Currently, it is one of the youngest graves of the type Lubieszewo, and also the only burial of this kind located east of the Vistula. As a result of the excavations carried out in the 1970s, only a small part of the site was explored. It is currently impossible to determine the size of the cemetery or establish its chronology. Due to the importance of the site and severe modern damage it suffered, the work at the site has been resumed in 2018
7
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Prowincjonalnorzymska zapinka Almgren 236c z Bajd w pow. iławskim – jeden z najstarszych śladów penetracji Pojezierza Iławskiego przez ludność kultury wielbarskiej

51%
Cieśliński A.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
|
2020
|
vol. LXXI
|
issue 71
359-368
EN
In the collection of the Museum of Warmia and Masuria in Olsztyn, there is a Roman provincial brooch made of copper alloy (Fig. 1). It was found in the northern suburbs of Zalewo in the County of Iława, NE Poland. Administratively, the area belongs to the village of Bajdy, located about three kilometres to the north-west. The artefact represents a group of brooches with two knobs on the bow (German Doppelknopffibeln), type 236 in keeping with Oscar Almgren, variant c according to a detailed study by Jochen Garbsch. Such specimens are characterised primarily by a frame-like foot and the construction of the spring mechanism in which the chord is held in place by a relatively narrow hook. Brooches with a double knob on the bow, the so-called winged brooches (Almgren 238) and characteristic openwork belt fittings are considered to be some of the main metal elements of Norico-Pannonian female dress. Almgren 236c-variant fibulae are indeed largely concentrated in the area of Noricum and Pannonia, although they are also known from Raetia and, in smaller numbers, from the northern parts of Italy and Dalmatia. Their local manufacture is confirmed by, for example, the casting moulds and partly finished pieces found at a Noric settlement in Magdalensberg, Carinthia. Fibulae of variant Almgren 236c are also very numerous in Barbaricum and indicate contacts, mainly of a commercial nature, with Roman provinces. According to recently published compilations, specimens representing this variant were present at more than 50 sites in several distinct concentrations: in the Czech Republic, south-western Slovakia and adjacent parts of Lower Austria and Poland (Fig. 2). North of the Carpathians and the Sudetes, Almgren 236c brooches are more clearly concentrated in the territory occupied by the Przeworsk Culture in central Poland, western Lesser Poland and right-bank Mazovia. The last large area of concentration is on the Lower Vistula River, at a few sites of the Wielbark Culture. The chronology of Almgren 236c brooches in the territory of the Roman Empire covers the entire 1st century CE. Such fibulae are found in contexts from the late period of Augustus’s reign to the rule of Trajan, although most of the assemblages do not date beyond the Claudian period, i.e. the middle of the first century. Even though Almgren 236c brooches are often part of grave-goods in the area of Barbaricum, the number of precisely dated assemblages is, unfortunately, small. In the Czech Republic, these forms are considered to define stage B1b after Eduard Droberjar, corresponding in absolute chronology to 20/30–40/50 CE, or, more broadly, late phase B1 of the classical (Czech) eye brooch horizon up to 50/70 CE. In the areas north of the Carpathians and the Sudetes, Almgren 236c fibulae should also be dated to the mature stage of phase B1. According to the studies carried out so far, the northern part of the Iława Lakeland in phase B1 was part of a vast deserted area separating the territories occupied by the populations of the Wielbark Culture on the Lower Vistula and the Nogat, of the Przeworsk Culture in Northern Mazovia, of the Bogaczewo Culture in Masuria and of the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture in Sambia (Fig. 3). The site where the Bajdy fibula was discovered is closest to the Wielbark Culture settlement, south of the ancient bay of the Vistula Lagoon, whose remnant is the present-day Drużno Lake; it lies about 20 km by air from the Święty Gaj cemetery and the remains of a dyke in Bągart. The Almgren 236c brooch from Bajdy, together with a recently discovered and yet unpublished Almgren 18b fibula from nearby Przezmark, as well unpublished Almgren 53 fibula from Jawty Wielkie, is the oldest trace of penetration of the northern part of the Iława Lakeland by the people of the Wielbark Culture. These episodes should be dated to the phase B1, i.e. several decades before regular settlement activity of the Wielbark Culture in phase B2b, which led to the occupation of extensive areas of the Iława Lakeland, the Warmian Plain and the western edge of the Olsztyn Lakeland, reaching roughly up to the longitudinal line of the Pasłęka River.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.