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EN
This article aims to present the positions of minorities in Central and Eastern Europe since 1990. The analysis concentrates on relations between the various cultural and minorities group. The main outline is the concepts of minority rights and their multi-dimensional development of linguistic minorities and social development. There is a broad description of the social development of Roma in Central and Eastern Europe. Eastern European democracy promoters have made extensive use of their bilateral diplomatic channels to allow democratization laggards in the post-communist space a glimpse of what democracy looks like close to home and to give them encouragement and know-how to move forward with reforms.
EN
The article surveys the British diplomatic goals, activities and efforts in Bulgaria after the beginning of democratic changes. It argues that the British embassy in Sofia seemed to focus not only on the country itself but to be more or less an instrument to a large degree in light of the British interests in the Balkan region (Yugoslavian wars and later Western Balkans) and wider geopolitical field (East Europe, Black sea region, Turkey). The mission was mainly interested about the cooperation with Bulgarian in the framework of NATO and EU, the Russian sphere of influence in Bulgaria, energetics, human rights issues, corruption and organized crime, and regional developments on the Balkans.
PL
Handel materiałami jądrowymi i promieniotwórczymi stanowi ogromny problem dla bezpieczeństwa nie tylko Europy, ale i całego świata. W ciągu ostatnich 15 lat ujawniono wiele przypadków nielegalnego handlu uranem, odnotowane zwłaszcza na terenie Europy Wschodniej i Kaukazu. Złożoność problemu i jego wpływu na bezpieczeństwo międzynarodowe powinna skłonić rząd Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki Północnej do podjęcia aktywnej współpracy z państwami regionu a także z Unią Europejską w zwalczaniu tego procederu.
EN
The illicit trafficking of nuclear and radioactive materials is a great threat for the security not only in Europe but around the world. In the past 15 years the international organizations revealed many cases of illegal trade of radioactive uranium, recorded especially in the East Europe and Caucasus region. The complexity of the problem and its impact on the international security should persuade the US government to cooperate actively with the East-European countries as well as with the European Union to decrease the threat.
EN
Based on a comparison of two current biographies of the famous Warsaw mayors of the 1930s and 1940s, Stefan Starzyński and Julian Kulski, the author tries to capture with the earlier literature the establishment and transformation of the historical image of both heroized personalities. Both had substantial merit in modernizing Warsaw in the 1930s, defending it against the Nazis and resistance activities, but were also adherents to Józef Piłsudski and were members of the elite „renewal“ military-authoritarian regime. The paper shows the supra-regional significance of the mayors of the metropolis, describes their posthumous political instrumentation, or the collisions of methods of the historiographic interpretations of these personalities.
EN
Andrzej Wajda’a Sweet Rush (Tatarak) and Petr Zelenka’s The Karamazovs (Karamazovi) are film adaptations of literature. Both directors represent very innovative approach to the literary material. Wajda wanted to depict the theme of death and passing in original way and combined various literary sources: Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz’s short story Sweet Rush, a novelette by Sándor Márai, and Last Notes by Polish actress, Krystyna Janda. Her text is a form of reflection on the death of her husband who was a recognized cinematographer. Wajda also incorporated into the picture scenes revealing the film’s making off. Petr Zelenka’s screen adaptation of the famous novel by Fiodor Dostoievsky is based on the film record of the Prague theater presentation (also based on The Karamazovs) made in the industrial space of the Sendzimir Ironworks inPoland. The recorded spectacle became the opportunity for the director to present his artistic statement on the history and culture of the Middle andEast Europe and the artist’s status nowadays.
PL
The Smell of Heath, Epilepsy and the Pope’s Portrait (Andrzej Wajda’s “Sweet Rush” and Peter Zelenka’s “The Brothers Kramazov”) Andrzej Wajda’a Sweet Rush (Tatarak) and Petr Zelenka’s The Karamazovs (Karamazovi) are film adaptations of literature. Both directors represent very innovative approach to the literary material. Wajda wanted to depict the theme of death and passing in original way and combined various literary sources: Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz’s short story Sweet Rush, a novelette by Sándor Márai, and Last Notes by Polish actress, Krystyna Janda. Her text is a form of reflection on the death of her husband who was a recognized cinematographer. Wajda also incorporated into the picture scenes revealing the film’s making off. Petr Zelenka’s screen adaptation of the famous novel by Fiodor Dostoievsky is based on the film record of the Prague theater presentation (also based on The Karamazovs) made in the industrial space of the Sendzimir Ironworks inPoland. The recorded spectacle became the opportunity for the director to present his artistic statement on the history and culture of the Middle andEast Europe and the artist’s status nowadays.
EN
This paper focus on European attitudes in eastern European countries, analysing the determinants of citizens’s support for European institutions, stressing the impact European identity. For a long time, especially before crisis, people’s evaluations followed mainly an instrumental logic, with an additional role played by European identification. Subsequently, other complementary theoretical perspectives – identity and political cues – helped to explain European support. But, after the explosion of the crisis in 2008, economic motivations have regained their crucial role. Plausibly, a mix of causes helps to explain Europeanism and even today many interactions remain unexplored. Using a recent Eurobarometer survey (88.3, autumn 2017) the paper shows that European identity plays a crucial role in explaining European support also after the crisis both in western and eastern European countries.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł koncentruje się na postawach wobec UE/postawach europejskich w krajach Europy Wschodniej, poddając analizie czynniki warunkujące poparcie obywateli dla europejskich instytucji, przy wyeksponowaniu wpływu tożsamości europejskiej. Przez długi czas, a w szczególności przed kryzysem, oceny ludzi podporządkowane były głównie logice instrumentalnej, identyfikacja europejska odgrywała tu dodatkową rolę. Później inne uzupełniające się perspektywy teoretyczne – związane z tożsamością i polityczne – ułatwiły interpretację europejskiego wsparcia. Niemniej po wybuchu kryzysu w 2008 r. ponownie kluczowa rola przypisana została motywacjom ekonomicznym. Prawdopodobnie, ta mieszanka przyczyn pomaga wyjaśnić europeizm i nawet obecnie wiele interakcji pozostaje niezbadanych. W oparciu o badania Eurobarometru z jesieni 2017 r. (88.3) artykuł ukazuje, że tożsamość europejska odgrywa kluczową rolę w wyjaśnianiu wsparcia europejskiego również po kryzysie, zarówno w krajach Europy Zachodniej, jak i Wschodniej.
PL
Przedmiotem analizy jest trzytomowa autobiografia Manèsa Sperbera (1905-1984) All das Vergangene… (Wszystko, co minione). Opisana w niej przemiana pobożnego chłopca z wschodniogalicyjskiego miasteczka w rewolucyjnego marksistę i komunistę ma egzemplaryczne znaczenie. Sile oddziaływania marksistowskiej ideologii ulegli liczni intelektualiści wielu krajów. Stwierdzenie powyższe dotyczy szczególnie żydowskich intelektualistów pochodzących ze wschodniej Europy. Fakt to ogólnie znany. Mniej znane są psychologiczne i społeczne motywacje podejmowanych przez nich światopoglądowych decyzji. A przecież dopiero one pozwalają zrozumieć, dlaczego idea „światowej rewolucji“ zapuściła najgłębsze korzenie w tej socjalnej sferze. W kontekście zarysowanej tu problematyki wspomnienia Sperbera posiadają ogromny walor poznawczy. Początek narracji przypada na pierwsze dziesięciolecie minionego stulecia, urywa się ona wraz z końcem II Wojny Światowej. Obejmuje zatem ona cztery najbardziej dramatyczne dekady historii współczesnej.
EN
The subject of the analysis is a three-volume-autobiography by Manès Sperber (1905-1984) All das Vergangene… (All that is gone…). The transformation of a pious boy of an eastern Galician village into a revolutionary Marxist and communist has an exemplary importance. Many intellectuals from various countries were in thrall to the power of the Marxian ideology. The foregoing statement refers especially to the Jewish intellectuals from the Eastern Europe, which is a commonly known issue. What is less known, are the psychological and social motives of their worldview driven decisions. And it is only them that allow to understand why the idea of a „world revolution“ puts down its deepest roots in this social sphere. In the context of the problems depicted here, Sperber’s memories have immense cognitive value.
DE
Im Mittelpunkt der Analyse steht All das Vergangene, die dreibändige Autobiographie Manès Sperbers (1905-1984). Die in ihr beschriebene Entwicklung von der frommen Gesinnung der frühen Lebensjahre zum revolutionären Marxisten (Kommunisten) ist exemplarisch gewesen. Den Verlockungen der marxistischen Ideologie sind zahlreiche Intellektuelle aus aller Herren Ländern erlegen. In besonderer Weise galt das für jüdische Intellektuelle aus Europas Osten, aus den osteuropäischen „Städtels“. Das ist allgemein bekannt. Weniger bekannt sind psychologische und soziologische Voraussetzungen sowie Motivierungen ihrer weltanschaulichen Entscheidungen. Sie sind es aber, die erkennen lassen, warum die Idee der „Weltrevolution“ gerade in dieser Lebenssphäre besonders tiefe Wurzeln schlug. Im Zusammenhang mit der hier umrissenen Problematik besitzen Sperbers Lebenserinnerungen einen unschätzbaren Erkenntniswert. Im ersten Jahrzehnt des vergangenen Jahrhunderts setzt Sperbers Lebensbericht ein, mit dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges klingt er aus, umfasst also vier blutigste, insoweit höchst denkwürdige Dekaden der modernen Geschichte.
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