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EN
The authors study different equivalents of the Hebrew word Eden in selected old and new Slavic translations of the Bible. The equivalents of this lexeme have been excerpted from several Slavic translations of the Bible, which were selected on the basis of diverse criteria. The translations are presented chronologically and old translations are opposed to the new ones. They represent three groups of Slavic languages: West Slavic, East Slavic and South Slavic and are connected with the base of translation, i.e. the original text and/or Greek or Latin text. They can also be classified according to religious denomination and the strategy of the translation.The observation of those equivalents enables us to see not only their variety and mutual influence among translations but also the struggle of Slavic translators with a very difficult language matter. Many factors were important in that struggle: genetic and structural distances between Semitic and Slavic languages, different perceptions of reality in distant cultures, the discrepancy between biblical and Slavonic realities and the influence of religious denomination. Another important factor was the state of biblical knowledge at the time – incomparably poorer in the case of the oldest Slavic translations in comparison to modern ones.
PL
Przedmiotem analizy w tym artykule jest najpierw samo pochodzenie i znaczenie kultu węża Nechusztana w Jerozolimie, którego powstanie łączone jest z Mojżeszem (2 Krl 18,4). W dalszej części analizowane są odniesienia kontekstualne Lb 21,4–9 perykopy stanowiącej etiologię dla informacji z 2 Krl 18,4. Na tym tle pokazane zostaje kluczowe teologiczne znaczenie tej perykopy w aktualnym kontekście (zwłaszcza w relacji do Wj 15,22–26; Lb 11). Wreszcie trzeci etap analizy to porównanie Lb 21,4–9 z Rdz 3,1–(15)–24, dokonane z wykorzystaniem elementów metody narracyjnej. Zestawienie obu teksów pozwala odczytać etiologię węża z miedzi wykonanego przez Mojżesza jako tekst ilustrujący w praktyce paradygmatyczne opowiadanie o przyczynach braku zaufania wobec Boga i jego skutkach z Rdz 3.
EN
The subject of the analysis in the article is the origin and significance of the cult of the snake Nechushana in Jerusalem. Its beginning is connected with Moses (2 Kgs. 18.4). The following part examines contextual references Nb. 21,4–9, the pericopes constituting the etiology for the information from 2 Kgs. 18.4. Thanks to that study, the key theological significance of the pericope has been shown (especially in relation to Ex 15, 22–26, Nb. 11). The third part of the analysis is a comparison of two texts, Nb. 21,4–9 and Gen. 3,1–(15)–24. Some elements of the narrative method have been used during the study. The juxtaposition of both texts allows to read the etiology of the copper snake made by Moses as a text which illustrates a paradigmatic story about the reasons for the lack of trust in God and its consequences presented in Genesis 3.
EN
Ex oriente lux? From the Southern Tropics in any case, since certain myths from former times, forgotten and buried under indifference, come back to us rejuvenated and transformed. In this article, we treat one myth — ‘myth’ given the extent of its cultural hypertext — which arose, strangely but almost necessarily, in an ancient French colony: the Île-de-France (Mauritius). It may seem fairly obvious that Paul and Virginie (hero and heroine of Bernardin de Saint-Pierre’s eponymous novel) should have returned to haunt the literature of the Île-de-France and her “sister island”, La Réunion. We examine three novels: the first transcribes the idyllic couple in terms of a realism based on a form of local colour (Georges Azéma, Noëlla, 1874). The second ends up destroying the pastoral eclogue of Bernardin de Saint-Pierre (Loys Masson, Les Noces de la vanille, 1962, English title: The Overseer). The third novel, Le Chercheur d’or by J.M.G. Le Clézio (1985, English title: The Collector), abandons the island setting in order to preserve the myth. Whether colonial or postcolonial, the old myth, dressed in new clothes, invites us to a dialogue between different centuries and different cultures.
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EN
In the Jewish Antiquities (I, 1, 3), when paraphrasing the passage of Genesis 2, 10–15, Flavius Josephus notes that the four rivers springing in paradise are the Phison (Φεισὼν), which passes through India and is called Ganges by the Greeks, the Euphrates and Tigris, which flow into the Red Sea, and finally the Geon, which crosses Egypt and is called the Nile by the Greeks. Starting from Josephus’ comments, this research focuses on the various interpretations of the Genesis passage, and in particular on the references to the Phison in the writings of the hellenised Jewish and Christian authors. The contents of these texts show common traits with Greco-Roman sources that describe India as a utopian space outside of history. Therefore, the analysis of the documents reveals how a sequence of texts developed over the centuries, starting from a utopian image of India and reaching a definition of a land close to paradise.
XX
W relacji Rdz 3,1‒24, która jest tak właściwie pierwszą historią opowiedzianą przez autora biblijnego, hebrajska szkoła narracji osiąga niezwykle wysoki pułap tak pod względem formalnym, wystarczy tu wziąć pod uwagę niezwykle dopracowaną strukturę opowiadania, jego głęboki symbolizm przekazu oraz zakotwiczenie w świecie religii i kultury starożytnego Bliskiego Wschodu, jak też pod względem merytorycznym. Tekst relacjonujący upadek pierwszych ludzi i złamanie przymierza z Bogiem w Edenie charakteryzuje się wielką głębią teologiczną i filozoficzną, z jaką jahwista podejmuje najważniejsze problemy egzystencjalne związane z naturą i statusem człowieka: to znaczy jego wielkość i powołanie, bezpośredni związek z Bogiem, ale także doniosłe wyzwanie darowanej mu przez Stwórcę wolności, której niestety nie potrafił odpowiednio wykorzystać.
EN
In Gen 3,1‒24, the first story in the Bible, Hebrew narrative art is seen at its highest. The charm with which the tale unfolds serves only to deepen the tragedy that is related, while the apparent naïveté of the style disguises the richness of theological reflection that theologians have not exhausted. And this is the greatest tribute that can be paid to the writer. He describes God’s relations with men not in abstract theological jargon that needs special linguistic aptitudes and a long training to acquire, but in a simple vocabulary drawn from peasant life. Yet the ideas he puts so clearly in story form have theological ramifications that have stretched the minds of the greatest thinkers down the ages.
EN
This article introduces the concept of the biological sublime and argues that it is central to Stanislaw Lem’s science-fictional poetics. The biological sublime is an aesthetic reaction to the monstrous body conceptualized in terms derived from the aesthetic theories of Burke, Kant, Lyotard, and Barthes. This reaction fuses attraction and repulsion, awe and horror. It transcends the moral calculus of good and evil but has profound ethical implications as it grapples with the concept of the “totally Other” beyond human understanding. The article discusses the visual poetics of Lem’s major novels Solaris, Eden, and Fiasco, alongside lesser-known works such as the story Darkness and Mildew and the Twenty-second Voyage of Ijon Tichy. It suggests that Lem’s deployment of the biological sublime offers important clues to understanding our ambivalent relationship with biotechnology and our perennial fascination with monster movies.
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