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EN
Many trends in economic thought dealt with the category of value, trying to figure out the sources. Value played an important role in economics of Karol Marks and in subjectivemarginalist trend. In theoretical considerations, modern economics not paying more attention to the category of value. Dispute over the source of value lost interest in economists. The main purpose of description is to present theory of value in terms of economy of Marks and in subjective-marginalist trend. This article also includes trial to answer the question, why modern economics does not pay sufficient attention to this economic category
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Luksus i dobra luksusowe

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EN
The main goal of the article is to collect, systematize and compare knowledge concerns the concept of luxury and luxury goods in social sciences, especially in economics. Therefore in the article there is a brief description of origin and history of this concept and review of some well-known in literature definitions of luxury and luxury goods. Also the article shows main classifications of luxury goods customers. In the economics the concept of luxury goods is connected with microanalysis of the market. Therefore, in the final part of the article this category is described from the microeconomic market analysis point of view.
EN
Twenty-one intellectuals participated in the Western inter-war dispute on the rationality of a socialist economy. Oskar Lange was the only Polish participant in the discussion. His participation in the debate was the subject of thorough investigation by domestic economists. L.W. Biegeleisen, I. Ulatowska, J. Górski, E. Lipinski, B. Mintz, and E. Łukawer pointed to O. Lange's victory in the dispute, as he proved that a socialist economy can function rationally. W. Brus initially claimed that critics of socialism suffered a defeat, but later changed his mind and argued that their views were justified. In turn, W. Wilczynski, J. Godłów-Legiędź, Z. Leśkiewicz, L. Balcerowicz and M. Bochenek admitted that the opponents of a socialist economy were right, claiming that it did not ensure economic efficiency.(
EN
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) liberal and utilitarianist, recognized utility (happiness) for the basic criterion of ethical behavior. Responsibility of the unit was increased prosperity, which required additional conditions: the liberal democratic state, guaranteeing the freedom and equality of opportunity and for the submission by the intellectual needs of material desires. J.S. Mill' thesis timeliness preserved till today.
EN
Jean-Baptiste Say (1767-1832) was one of the most staunch supporters and exponents of liberal classical economics. His undeterred faith in automatic balance restoring thanks to market mechanism was expressed in his market law. Say's economic liberalism based on certain, indispensable principles. Economic freedom and private ownership in this French economist doctrine were foundations of economic order. Say's liberal postulates contain ideas of broadening economic freedom, especially entrepreneurship freedom, freedom of ownership and trade exchange and the necessity of proprietary rights protection.
PL
Ekonomia dzielenia się (sharing economy), nazywana również konsumpcją społecznościową (collaborative consumption), to nowy model ekonomiczny, opierający się raczej na konsumenckiej współpracy niż na konkurencji producentów. Model ten zakłada raczej dzielenie się zasobami i współpracę, a nie typowy dla gospodarki rynkowej priorytet posiadania i konkurencji. Ekonomia dzielenia się coraz powszechniej dotyczy również finansów, co przejawia się np. w rozwoju bankowości p2p czy społecznościowego rynku walutowego. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie koncepcji ekonomii dzielenia się oraz jej przejawów we współczesnych finansach - poprzez przybliżenie rodzajów tzw. wspólnych finansów.
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EN
This article attempts to define the categories of rationality, which correspond to the main assumptions of the social economy. From this perspective, made a critical analysis of one of the leading ideas of rationality represented by representatives of mainstream economics. Characteristics of the social economy has shown that one-dimensional analysis is not sufficient and should refer to the achievements of other social sciences. It requires redefinition of rationality, which must meet the combined criteria of economic and social development, taking into account a wide range of values. Issues raised in the article is not exhaustive, but it can be a voice for further discussion on this topic.
EN
The aim of the article is to provide a reflection on the role of industrial policy in st-imulating the processes of development and economic convergence. In the first place, there are presented the most important features of vision of economic development and convergence in terms of the two schools of economics: the mainstream and the evolutio-nary one. Then, it is demonstrated how specific ontological assumptions about the nature of economic processes lead to different views on the desired shape of industrial policy. While neoclassical economics focuses on preventing market failures, evolutionary eco¬nomics provides a realistic vision of development and a broader justification for the con¬duct of industrial policy.
EN
espite many crisises, for more than 200 years capitalism has been a system which does not lose its significance. The French school of regulation, which was created as an answer to the crisis of the 1970's and the co-existing phenomenon of stagflation, is trying to explain why despite numerous crisises afflicting this system, it manage to evolve and adapt to new conditions. The objective of the article is to discuss synthetically the problems of capitalism from the point of view of regulation theory. The first part of the article explains the basic principles of regulation theory. Categories such as regimes of accumulation, modes of regulation, means of production or institutional forms constitute the starting point of consideration for the regulationists. This perspective allows to explain significant reasons for crisises and to indicates many types of productions regimes and their evolution. The abovementioned issues were discussed in the second part of the article.
EN
This article attempts to present the concept of homo oeconomicus in the context of the evolution of research methods in economics. In the study, there has been placed a particular emphasis on the appearance of a normative nature of economic rationality. The normative nature of the assumptions underlying the concept of homo oeconomicus is mainly the consequences of the method of narration, based on the axiomatic basis of decision- making in science.
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EN
The process of globalization are the skurce of challenges and dangers for the natio¬nal state, but they create chances and opportunities for chan ges chich hope for the new order and rebirth of the state in the future. Traditional national state, based on modern principles of rationalism and modernizm has already had its „golden age”. However, it does not mean that the state has become outdated and is to vanish in the process of glo¬balization. On the contrary, the state as an insitution of an economic and social-political order may play a significant role in them. To make it hapten, the hanges of functions, ta¬sks and to ols of the state policy as the social-economic institution are essentials. There¬fore in the process of globalization we may rather expect evolutional transformation of the state role than its complete decline and fall.
EN
Laissez-faire, libertarianism, liberalism and state control are the directions and thinking in economics that in different ways relate to the freedoms and rights in terms of economic and social. Depending on the degree of interference and the role of the state in the economy, in an ambiguous way to take those concerning market, money, defense, in¬terventionism and economic exchange with foreign countries.
PL
Prowadzone polemiki na temat kondycji poznawczej współczesnej ekonomii zintensyfikował kryzys, który rozpoczął się w 2008 r. Spowodował on, że coraz częściej podnoszone są kwestie rozbieżności pomiędzy praktyką społeczno-gospodarczą a teorią ekonomii. Wśród głównych przyczyn, które wpłynęły na tę niespójność, wymienia się najczęściej, z jednej strony, niejednakową przyjętą przez naukowców perspektywę prowadzonych badań, z drugiej zaś – zbyt różne postawy metodologiczne. Wielu ekonomistów zaczęło również krytykować nadmierne i nieuzasadnione predylekcje ekonomii w kierunku metod matematycznych oraz ekonometrycznych, preferowanie podejścia ilościowego nad jakościowym. Artykuł ma na celu wskazanie sprzeczności między teorią ekonomii, w tym przede wszystkim jej nurtem neoliberalnym a wartościami ujętymi w idei społecznej odpowiedzialności biznesu.
EN
The controversies over the epistemological potential of modern economics have been intensified by the 2008 crisis. It has caused discussions on the discrepancies between socio-economic practice and theory. The discrepancy is often seen as an effect of the diversity within both research perspectives and methodological stances. Many economists also criticize its excessive and unfunded predilection for mathematics and econometrics, as well as the preference for quantitative over qualitative research which leads to neglecting the social and axiological aspects. The article aims to indicate the discrepancies between the theory of economy, including foremost the neoliberal school, and the values represented by the idea of CSR, as well as to accentuate the need to intensify the attempts to bring back the social base of economic and business axiology.
EN
In economic literature concerning crisis, a renaissance of Keynesianism can be ob-served. The purpose of the article was to verify the hypothesis of Keynesianism’s revival by analyzing the chosen works of subject’s literature. This purpose was achieved through presentation of key elements of Keynes’s legacy, the assessment of its signifi-cance measured in contribution to the development of economics as science, and also the utility of Keynesian theory, understood as the possibility of its adaptation for stabilizing the economy in the current crisis time. The analysis carried out in this article leads to a conclusion that although references to Keynes’s recommendations are visible in the stabilization policy, it has not caused long-lasting changes in the structure of economics as a science. istniejące bezrobocie, oraz twierdzenie, że biedni cechują się większą krańcową skłonnością do konsumpcji niż bogaci, co oznaczało, że redystrybucja dochodu mogłaby zwiększyć produkcję i zatrudnienie.
EN
The aim of the paper is to analyse the scale and structure of long-term unemploy-ment in Poland in 2004-2013. The paper also attempts to answer the question which gro¬ups of people were most at risk of long-term unemployment. The conducted analyses have led to the following conclusions. In the analysed period, the number of long-term unemployed, the long-term unem-ployment rate and the percentage of long-term unemployed changed in the same direc-tion as the number of unemployed and the total unemployment rate. The following groups of people had the smallest share in the long-term unemploy¬ed pool in the analysed period: under 25 years old as well as 55 years old and older, with post-secondary education, secondary education and university education. The following groups had the greatest share in the long-term unemployed pool: aged 25-34 and from 45 to 55 years old, with vocational education. The econometric analyses show that unmarried people aged 55 or more with a low level of education were at the greatest risk of suffering long-term unemployment in the analysed period. Young people with higher education and secondary education were the least likely to be long-term unemployed.
EN
In this article the issue of economic inequality, in particular subjective opinions of the public acceptance and aversion of economic inequalities have been presented. Based on own survey a statistically significant correlations between the assessments of inequality and the assessments of satisfaction with the achieved quality of life, salaries or having savings were analyzed. Is also presented - in terms of time - changes of the measure of income inequality in Poland.
RU
В статье предлагается подход к анализу творческой деятельности, основанный На сочетании концепции альтернативных возможностей индивидуального выбора с Анализом исторических тенденций изменения содержания человеческой деятельности. .
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PL
Celem opracowania jest analiza ewolucji ekonomicznej teorii wartości oraz określenie jej znaczenia na gruncie współczesnej teorii ekonomii. Zgodnie z przyjętą tezą: teoria wartości pełni współcześnie rolę metateorii, która nie jest przedmiotem głębszej refleksji, zwłaszcza tych ekonomistów, którzy tworzą w ramach jej głównego nurtu. Ekonomistów interesuje przede wszystkim mechanizm wartościowania oraz cena dobra interpretowana jako pieniężny przejaw jego wartości.
EN
The aim of the study is to analyze the evolution of the economic theory of value and to determine its importance in contemporary economic theory. According to the accepted thesis, nowadays, the theory of value serve as metatheory that are not subject to further reflection, especially for those economists who create in its mainstream. The economists are mainly interested in the evaluation mechanism and the price of a good interpreted as a monetary sign of its value.
EN
The purpose of this article is to present the modern concept of homo sociooeconomicus which was created in response to the inadequacy of the concept of homo oeconomicus. Presented model was created from the concept of homo oeconomicus and homo sociologicus. Also shows features of both of these models. As a result of a critical analysis of the literature concluded that homo socio-oeconomicus, who is both an individual unit and part of the community, make rational decisions that are limited economic and non-economic factors such as for example social norms. This model, which was developed as a result of appreciation of sociology as an auxiliary science of economics is helpful in explaining market behavior of modern man. Calls for the inclusion of other social sciences to the study of economic.
EN
The intention of this paper is to trace links between welfare economics and the concept of welfare state. We show that welfare of man, according to Vilfredo Pareto and Arthur Cecil Pigou, was a much wider notion than just economic one. It seems that, however, economists had chosen to follow the Pareto optimum principle in their research. It was also not welfare economics that triggered the construction of welfare states, but ideas and political motives. Yet nowadays the pursuit of efficacy and innovations changes the way that welfare policies are perceived. The approach becomes more instrumental instead of humane. It follows the Pareto improvement principle leaving distributional aspects to inconsequential considerations. It stands thus with clear relation to the concepts of welfare economics, but gradually detaches from the idea of human welfare.
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