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EN
This article discusses the presence of railway epiphanies in the works of Miron Białoszewski, in particular their reference to queer events, understood as the presence of non-heteronormative meaning or desire. I examine the presence of trams, subways and railways in Białoszewski’s trips to Paris, Budapest and New York. Travelling by train can induce transgressive impulses and is often an occasion for expressing hidden tendencies, for instance homosexual behaviours. The experience of the train journey, which builds up weariness and drowsiness, can contribute to people experiencing a lack of boundaries and limits around them, with the consequence of everything becoming more confusing, obscure, and fluid. The movement of the train can cause a trance state, and due to the walking between the world of the conscious and subconscious mind, passengers evolve into “transpersons”, that is to say people “in the transition”, “on the way”, and “between”. Their gender becomes fluid, mobile, and “in motion”. This paper also analyses the figure of “derailed person” used by Artur Sandauer when comparing Białoszewski to Genet as a means of encoding homosexuality, here understood as a figure of the queer “derailment” of heteronormativity.
EN
Christmas and Baptism as symbols of poetic creativity: Evangelical motifs in the poetry of Russian metarealism and the 21st centuries. The author considers the “Epiphany” and “Christmas” images in the lyrics of Yevgeny Daenin, Ivan Zhdanov, Alexei Parshikov, Sergey Solovyov, correlating them both with the text of the Holy Scripture and with the poetic tradition of “Christmas verses” of the 19th century and two boundary periods (the 19th-20th and the 20th-21st centuries), in which the search for the “painful and unsteady” image of God is manifested with a particular force. Traditionally, in poetry there is an intimization of Christmas and Epiphany: so, these events are not perceived as being external, but as internal, occurring in a person’s soul. This is true of all Russian contemporary poetry. And metarealism is no exception. The article sequentially explores (using the hermeneutic method, semantic, intertextual and content analysis) verbal images and motifs associated with Baptism, Epiphany and Christmas. In the interpretation of the evangelical stories, metarealists proceed from the ideas of the divine Word-Logos, embodied in words. Baptism and Epiphany are associated with the Word’s Appearance to the People, their baptism in the Speech as a River, which at the same time becomes synonymous with Christmas and Nativity, the birth of the “mortal” word and the beginning of its Way of the Cross. Poetry is perceived by metarealists as climbing Golgotha, “the crucifix of the throat”. The poet has three hypostases in their texts: the “wise Thief” who ascends to “paradise” by God’s will, but is capable of performing the sacrament of baptism with the “verb fire”; “Carpenter”, “Joseph”, stepfather of the “God-born baby”-text; builder, governor of Heavenly Jerusalem and leader of the “Heavenly Host” of words. Analyzing the concept of Speech as a “Homing,” the author comes to the conclusion that metarealists are not so much engaged in “God-seeking” as they are developing M. Heidegger’s theory of language as a “house of being” and of existing and being.
EN
The Epiphany in the Roman Catholic Church is celebrated on 6 January, and in the liturgy refers to the Gospel of St. Matthew (Mt 2,1 – 12) where the adoration of the Magi is described and presents a symbolical bow of persons from all nations before the Incarnated God. In the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession the Three Kings’ Day is celebrated on 6 January under the name of Epiphany. The same term – Epiphany – is used in the Orthodox Church but the celebration falls on 6 to 19 January, depending on the Julian calendar. The celebration of the Three Kings’ Day in Poland is accompanied by many traditions and customs which define the piety of people in these lands – blessing the chalk used to write the Magi’s initials on the entrance doors (K+M+B) or the Hole Family’s (J+M+J) and current year; carol singers visiting people; performances and role playing (the so-called dialogues); occasional bread and cake baking; colorful processions along city streets. These customsdemonstrate how the sacred and the profane intersperse on this day. We can say that piety adapted one of the biblical events for its purposes through cheerful celebrations and fun.
PL
Objawienie Pańskie w Kościele rzymsko-katolickim obchodzone jest 6 stycznia i w liturgii nawiązuje do Ewangelii św. Mateusza (Mt 2,1 – 12), gdzie opisano pokłon Trzech Magów, przedstawiający w sposób symboliczny pokłon ludzi z wszystkich narodów przed Bogiem Wcielonym. W Kościele ewangelicko-augsburskim Objawienie Pańskie obchodzone jest 6 stycznia pod nazwą Epifanii. Pod tą samą nazwą – Epifanii – Objawienie Pańskie obchodzone jest w tradycji prawosławnej w dniach między 6 a 19 stycznia, co wynika z porządku kalendarza juliańskiego. Obchodom święta Trzech Króli w Polsce towarzyszy wiele tradycji i zwyczajów, które charakteryzują pobożność ludową tych ziem – święcenia kredy, którą na drzwiach wejściowych w domach wypisywane są inicjały Mędrców (K+M+B) lub Świętej Rodziny (J+M+J) oraz data bieżącego roku; chodzenie po domach kolędników z gwiazdą; krakowskie „wesele” i tzw. dialogi; okolicznościowe wypieki ciasta i chleba; barwne orszaki przechodzące ulicami miast. Zwyczaje te pokazują proces mieszania się tego dnia sacrum i profanum. Można powiedzieć, że pobożność ludowa przez radosne celebracje i zabawy zaadaptowała na swoje potrzeby jedno z wydarzeń biblijnych.
PL
Preces to modlitwy, które we współczesnej Liturgii Godzin są odmawiane podczas Jutrzni (invocationes) i Nieszporów (intercessiones). Przez wieki były one zbudowane zazwyczaj z cytatów wersetów psalmicznych i umieszczone w różnych godzinach kanonicznych. Współczesne preces utworzone po Soborze Watykańskim II przez Coetus XII bis generalnie już takie nie są. Autor prezentacji pt. „Słowo Boże w preces Nieszporów Epifanii” dzięki dotarciu do zapisu Sacra Congregatio pro Cultu Divino. Commissio specialis ad instaurationem liturgicam absolvendam. Schemata n. 348 wskazał niektóre wyrażenia i zwroty umieszczone w wersetach 2, 6, 7, 12 i 17 psalmu 71, zaliczanego do królewskich, jako źródła biblijne dla preces uroczystości Epifanii. Owocem jego badania jest konstatacja, że Scriptura crescit cum orante nie tylko podczas zwykłej lektury tekstu ale przede wszystkim jako jego aktualizacja i waloryzacja w przebiegu obrzędu, którego dynamizm karmi modlącego się tak obficie, że słowo Boże staje się jego modlitwą i motywuje go do komponowania modlitwy osobistej. Słowa kluczowe: słowo Boże, preces, Nieszpory, Epifania.
IT
Preces are the prayers that in modern Liturgy of the Hours are recited during Morning Prayer (invocationes) and Vespers (intercessiones). For centuries they were usually composed of psalm verses quotes and placed in different canonical hours. Contemporary preces created after the Second Vatican Council by Coetus XII bis are generally not. The author of the presentation entitled “The Word of God in the preces of the Vespers on Epiphany”, considering the record of Sacra Congregatio pro Cultu Divino, Commissio specialis ad instaurationem liturgicam absolvendam, Schemata n. 348, pointed out some expressions and phrases in verses 2, 6, 7, 12 i 17 of Psalm 71, which belongs to royal prayers, as the biblical source for preces on the Feast of Epiphany. The result of his research is an observation that Scriptura crescit cum orante, not only during reading of the text but above all as the updating in the course of the rite, which dynamism feeds the prayer so lavishly that the Word of God becomes his own and motivates him to compose a personal prayer. Keywords: Word of God, preces, Vespers, Epiphany.
PL
W artykule poddane zostały analizie helleńskie koncepcje dotyczące antropomorfizacji bóstw i nasze współczesne poglądy – zarówno te popularne, jak i naukowe – na temat greckiej wiary w możliwość przybierania przez bogów postaci ludzkich. W tekście podjęto próby odpowiedzi na następujące pytania: Czy Hellenowie konsekwentnie wierzyli w bóstwa w ludzkiej formie? Czy uproszczone wizerunki bóstw greckich z atrybutami, które znamy z opracowań mitologii, są dziełem wyłącznie późniejszych epok, czy też to sami Grecy przyczynili się do powstania uproszczeń? Okazuje się, że choć bóstwa greckie przedstawiano w ludzkich postaciach i antropomorficzne bóstwo pod postacią statuy było trwałym elementem kultu, to jednak paradoksalnie wierzono, że boski kształt pozostaje dla człowieka nieuchwytny. Znane dziś powszechnie postaci greckich bóstw, sprowadzone do określonych wizerunków ze specyficznymi atrybutami i wyznaczonym patronatem nad poszczególnymi dziedzinami życia, nie są wcale dziełem późniejszych epok, gdyż wprowadzili je już starożytni greccy twórcy, począwszy od samego Homera.
EN
The article analyses the Hellenic conceptions related to anthropomorphisation of deities, as well as our modern views – both popular and scientific – related to Greek belief in the possibility that gods could exist in human form. The author tries to answer the following questions: Did the Hellenes consistently believe in deities as being in human form? Are the simplified images of Greek deities, with attributes known from studies of mythology, the result of the subsequent epochs only? Or maybe the Greeks contributed to creation of such simplifications. It appears that although Greek deities were presented in human form and anthropomorphic gods in the form of a statue were a permanent element of the cult, it was paradoxically believed that a divine shape was elusive for a human being. The presently well known Greek deities, with their own characteristic appearances, specific attributes and patronages over given areas of life, are not the invention of the subsequent periods in Greek history. They were introduced by ancient Greek authors, with Homer himself at the head.
EN
This article analyzes the continuation and old Christian as well as medieval exegesis of gold, frankincense, and myrrh (Matthew 2 : 11) in Polish sermons from the fourteenth through the eighteenth centuries. In particular, I focus on those cases in which the traditional symbolism of the gifts of the Three Magi is a point of reference for conceptist interpretations that take into consideration the political, social, and religious contexts of the time.
PL
Artykuł analizuje kontynuacje i reinterpretacje starochrześcijańskiej i średniowiecznej egzegezy złota, kadzidła i mirry (Mt 2, 11) w kazaniach polskich od XIV do XVIII w. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono tym przypadkom, w których tradycyjna symbolika darów Trzech Mędrców stanowi punkt wyjścia dla interpretacji konceptystycznych, uwzględniających aktualne konteksty polityczne, społeczne lub religijne.
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2016
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vol. 63
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issue 8: Liturgika
121-140
EN
Celebration of the mystery of the incarnation of the Son of God is mentioned for the first time in Chronograph (A.D. 354)—a fundamental document explaining the origin of this feast. Over the centuries the Incarnation of the Son of God was given emphasis in various ways through ceremonious celebration of this mystery. Among many liturgical customs are Sunday processions during Advent, at Christmas, and festivities held in this time and Sundays until 2 February. Sunday processions were known in the old Polish tradition and this custom was sanctioned in the Piotrków Ritual in 1631, but it does not feature processions for Advent Sundays, Christmas period, and holidays falling within this period. Liturgical texts intended for these days are present in four editions of the Wrocław Ritual of 1723, 1775, 1794 and 1847. The processions started with the singing of appropriate antiphons, which had their counterpart in the texts of Officium divinum of that period or a liturgical day. The antiphon Missus est Angelus Gabriel... for Advent Sundays was an exception. It was intended for the monastic liturgy of the 11th/12th centuries, and it can be found in antiphonary Saint-Maur-les-Fossés. During a procession, statio in the middle of a church was an important point for worship. A verse or a prayer was said concluded with the singing of an antiphon. The prayer was typically found in a missal form for a particular feast day except for Advent, when the prayer was read from a form for Marian masses. Notably, the well-known antiphon Pax aeterna... was sung only on Advent Sundays, which was replaced by the antiphon Hodie Christus natus est... during Christmas. Antiphons concluding processions, however, were taken from an officium, as it was done during Advent or Epiphany. The antiphon O beata infantia... is an exception, which is sung on the very Nativity Day, Circumcision Day, and on Sundays falling after Epiphany until the Fest of the Purification of the Virgin (2 February). This antiphon was present in the monastic tradition, for example in medieval antiphonaries of Saint-Denis and Saint-Maur-les-Fossés. Exploration of liturgical texts and various forms that are have been known over centuries as well as their origin makes it possible to sketch a full picture of traditions used in the Latin Church in the territory of Poland.
PL
Świętowanie misterium Wcielenia Syna Bożego po raz pierwszy zostaje wspomniane w Chronografie z 354 roku, który jest fundamentalnym dokumentem dotyczącym genezy tego święta. W ciągu wieków w różny sposób podkreślano znaczenie Wcielenia Syna Bożego poprzez uroczystą celebrację tego misterium. Wśród wielu zwyczajów liturgicznych znajdują się procesje w niedziele czasu Adwentu, okresu Narodzenia Pańskiego, uroczystości przypadające w tym okresie oraz w same niedziele do 2 lutego. Zwyczaj procesji niedzielnych znany był w tradycji staropolskiej i został utrwalony w Rytuale Piotrkowskim z 1631 r., ale nie ma w nim procesji przeznaczonych na niedziele Adwentu i okresu Narodzenia Pańskiego oraz święta przypadające w tym czasie. Teksty liturgiczne przeznaczone na te dni występują natomiast w czterech wydaniach rytuału wrocławskiego z 1723, 1775, 1794 i 1847 r. Procesje rozpoczynano od śpiewu odpowiednich antyfon, które miały swój odpowiednik w tekstach Officium divinum danego czasu, czy dnia liturgicznego. Do wyjątku należała antyfona w niedziele Adwentu Missus est Angelus Gabriel…, która była przewidziana w liturgii monastycznej z XI/XII w., a przykładem jest antyfonarz Saint-Maur-les-Fossés. Podczas procesji ważnym miejscem modlitwy było statio pośrodku kościoła. Odmawiano wówczas werset, modlitwę, a na zakończenie śpiewano antyfonę. Modlitwa zazwyczaj była zaczerpnięta z formularza mszalnego danego dnia świątecznego za wyjątkiem adwentu, kiedy modlitwa pochodziła z formularza mszy maryjnych. Znamiennym, że znaną antyfonę Pax aeterna… śpiewano tylko w niedziele Adwentu, zastępując ją w okresie Narodzenia Pańskiego antyfoną Hodie Christus natus est…. Antyfony na zakończenie procesji zostały natomiast zaczerpnięte z oficjum, jak w przypadku okresu Adwentu, czy w Epifanię. Do wyjątków należy antyfona O beata infantia… śpiewana w sam dzień Narodzenia Pańskiego, w święto Obrzezania Pańskiego, oraz w niedziele przypadające po Epifanii do święta Oczyszczenia Maryi (2 lutego). Antyfona ta występowała w tradycji monastycznej, czego przykładem są średniowieczne antyfonarze z Saint-Denis oraz Saint-Maur-les-Fossés. Poznanie tekstów liturgicznych i różnych form znanych na przestrzeni wieków i ich proweniencji pozwala nakreślić pełen obraz tradycji znanych w Kościele łacińskim na ziemiach polskich.
EN
Jehovah’s Witnesses have been present in Poland for over a hundred years. This period was full of various events affecting both their entire community and its individual members. Beginnings in the interwar period - partly as a legal association, but also as a group facing misunderstanding and attempts to make it illegal. The period of the Nazi occupation - tragic for the entire community and for individual believers who in concentration camps, wearing a purple triangle armband, were victims of this system. Poland of 1945-1989 is a stage that can be divided into several fragments - the legal beginning in 1945-1950, the years of banalization and Stalinist persecution - 1950-1956; illegal activity in the years 1956-1979 and the beginning of the road to legal existence in the 1980s. The last stage is the activity in free Poland - it is the period of legal activity from 1989 to the present day. All these stages in the history of Jehovah’s witnesses influence their perception in today’s reality of the Third Republic.
EN
Human time, no matter to what culture or religion a man belongs, is filled with celebrations that give rhythm to his life and help him capture the essence of his existence. Also Christianity over the centuries worked out various forms of specific celebration. The goal of this text is to look at the character of celebrate in the fourth and fifth centuries and to determine how the Christian writers wrote about the celebration. The first sources that author considered are two ancient texts of Socrates of Constantinople (Socrates Scholasticus) and Sozomen (Salminius Hermias Sozomenus) with the same names: Historia Ecclesiastica. In both works there are little chapters, in which appear the mention of the celebration, the majority of them is associated with Feast of the Passover and The First Council of Nicaea, others occur mainly on the margins of the narrative. This is because the history of the Church is here treated primarily as ‘political’ history, shaped by the decisions of great personages of the Church. The most important conclusion that emerges from these two texts is the observation that the differences in the way of celebration are not a source of division, but most of all divisions for doctrinal reasons manifest themselves in a separate celebration. The second source is The Travels of Egeria, also called The Pilgrimage of Aetheria (Itinerarium Egeriae), a letter describing the author’s travel to the holy places. In her report Egeria devotes much attention to the description of those involved in the celebration of subsequent festivals. The modern reader is struck by the generosity of crowds gathered in prayer and their vivid faith that motivates them to make long prayers going for hours. Celebration of Christians in the fourth and fifth centuries was an expression of a vivid faith. Their religion permeated life in all dimensions, and determined the essence of who they were. It was touching the inexpressible, the main aim was above all communion with Christ and the Church. Originally Christians celebrated entirely in the community of the Church, which gives a more or less clear framework to all that can be considered for celebration.
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