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Dwa filary Cassirerowskiej koncepcji kultury

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The subject of this essay is Ernst Cassirer’s concept of culture and the two pillars being its foundation: functional theory of construction of the concepts and the philosophy of symbolic forms. The theory of relation concepts is a result of a struggle between critical philosophy and dogmatism, in other words, it replaces the transcendental Aristotle`s substance with the immanent function of judgment, which is to be the only objective and available reality to a man. Synthesis of knowledge, however, requires that the critical method cover all form of human spirit, not only the understanding of natural science. Especially since, as shown in the Cassirer’s Philosophy of symbolic forms, the common element in all this forms is a symbol. Finally, the purpose of cognition becomes for Cassirer the man himself, as well as his inexhaustible capacity to create culture. Measure to this is the spiritual autonomy – the only source of self-restraint and self-consciousness.
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Diametros
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2011
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issue 30
13-28
PL
Celem artykułu jest porównanie koncepcji poznania Ernsta Cassirera i Nelsona Goodmana, których łączy odrzucenie idei poznania jako odbicia rzeczywistości i przyjęcie koncepcji przekształcania. Owo przekształcanie nie jest całkowitym przeciwieństwem odbicia, lecz jego poszerzeniem w taki sposób, że poznanie oznacza zarówno twórcze wytwarzanie, jak i odtwórcze odbicie. Tym samym zniesiona zostaje tradycyjna epistemologiczna dychotomia: konstruowanie – odkrywanie. Wspólną dla obu filozofów przesłankę stanowi odrzucenie prymatu faktów i danych zmysłowych, a konsekwencją poszerzonej koncepcji poznania jest zaś dla nich irrealistyczna koncepcja reprezentacji symbolicznej. W artykule omówiono najważniejsze podobieństwa i różnice w poglądach tych dwóch myślicieli.
EN
The article elucidates and compares Ernst Cassirer's and Nelson Goodman's positions on the problem of cognition. They agree in rejecting the theory of reflection and accepting the concept of transformation. This transformation is not a total antithesis of reflection, but an extension of it: recognition means both creative production and imitative reflection. This eliminates the traditional epistemological dichotomy between constructing and discovering. The shared premise for both philosophers is the rejection of the primacy of facts and sense data, with the result that the extended concept of cognition becomes an irrealistic concept of symbolic representation. The article examines the most important similarities and differences in views of these two thinkers.
EN
This paper focuses on a contemporary phenomenon of visual mass culture consisting of signs and pictures expressing technical information and marketing communications. Such signs and pictures shape the environment of the modern man. One can notice them on highways, streets, in the city space, malls, stores, bars, airports and train stations. These signs and pictures are also mass produced items and can be considered as architecture represented by designs of easily recognizable buildings like McDonald's bars and IKEA department stores. Signs and pictures which are a subject matter of this paper have a technical and at the same time artistic character. This text is an attempt to see them in the context of the theory of culture by Ernst Cassirer and his concept of animal symbolicum.
EN
The article compares the philosophies of Ernst Cassirer and Helmuth Plessner concerning the modes of modernity. Plessner is one of those thinkers, who are most consistent in accepting modernity, whereas Cassirer is not. The point that generates this different level is the explicit self-reflection of Plessner in contrast to a systematic silence of Cassirer. One can see this difference by analysing the role of scepticism within these two modes of anthropology.
EN
Many of Ernst Cassirer’s later works are concerned with the dangers of political myth. His analysis speaks at length about the role of philosophy during the rise of the Third Reich, and Cassirer argues that philosophers failed to combat the dominant ideology. Today, philosophers struggle to explain their relevance to greater public and governmental powers that see no intrinsic value. Given the current political situation in the US, we find ourselves at a crossroads as philosophers. We can either retreat and remain within the comforts of academia, or we can take up arms against dangerous and divisive political forces. If we take Cassirer’s prescriptions seriously, we must choose the latter. Fortunately, philosophy has not disappeared from public consciousness completely. An emerging theme in contemporary cultural studies is the exploration of connections between humour and philosophy. I argue we ought to take advantage of the status of the comedian as public philosopher, and for philosophers to take seriously the political power of comedians. To do this responsibly, I analyse a portion of Cassirer’s work that has been widely ignored in scholarship – his understanding of the politics and morality of humour. By analysing these passages in relation to Cassirer’s later works, we are given the tools to understand the power of humour in political discourse, as well as the responsibility of that power. I argue that “joking responsibly”, for Cassirer, means to reveal the motives and values which underlie sophistry, particularly the sort which lends itself to political manipulation.
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EN
The aim of the paper is to analyze the relationship between the authority of the master and the disciple occurring between the two main representatives of the Neo-Kantianism of the Marburg School, Hermann Cohen and Ernst Cassirer. The analysis is based on the pragmatic-logical model of authority developed by Jozef M. Bocheński within the framework of his logic of authority in application to research on the basic relations taking place in the history of philosophy. The purpose of the analysis is to verify the hypothesis of the existence of the master– disciple authority relationship between the mentioned representatives of the school and to explain its logical consequences of the basis of historical-philosophical research of this particular philosophical formation.
EN
Max Imdahl was of the opinion that in the iconological method, Erwin Panofsky had not given due attention to the problem of artistic form. Panofsky indeed failed to recognise the “iconic” level of an artwork; but he sought to justify the inseparability of form and subject matter in order to prove that iconographic research was an inalienable part of art history. This inseparability also characterised iconographic types, defined by the term Gestalt. A strict correspondence of all elements made the correct perception of the work possible, since it triggered the “symbolic pregnancy”, a mode of cognition described by the Gestalt psychology and Ernst Cassirer.
PL
Max Imdahl uważał, że w metodzie ikonologicznej Erwin Panofsky nie poświęcił należytej uwagi problematyce formy artystycznej. Panofsky faktycznie nie dostrzegał „ikonicznego” poziomu dzieła sztuki, ale starał się uzasadnić nierozdzielność formy i subject matter, by udowodnić, że badania ikonograficzne są niezbywalnym elementem historii sztuki. Ta nierozdzielność charakteryzowała też typy ikonograficzne, określone terminem Gestalt. Ścisła odpowiedniość wszystkich elementów pozwalała na prawidłową percepcję dzieła, gdyż uruchamiała „symboliczną pregnancję”, sposób poznawania opisany przez psychologię Gestalt i Ernsta Cassirera.
EN
This review study is concerned with the recently published second edition of the philosophical work Anschauung und Begriff. Grundzüge eines Systems der Begriffsbildung, the authors of which are members of the “narrow” Prague Circle: Max Brod and Felix Weltsch. They themselves characterise their work as a “monograph about vague ideas”. A salient feature of their theory is the attempt to determine afresh the relation between intuition and concept, reflecting the ideas of the time in philosophy and experimental psychology. The authors are of the opinion that in the sphere of the vague and uncertain, there appear certain observable connecting links: these are intuitive concepts which lack any role in the formation of a scientific concept as it is understood in the neo-Kantian tradition. Study of this work contributes to our understanding of the historical reception of Brentanism in the context of the intellectual milieu of Prague at the time, which was characterised by an overt interplay between Prague German philosophy and literature.
DE
Die vorliegende Rezensionsstudie ist der aktuellen zweiten Ausgabe des philosophischen Werks Anschauung und Begriff. Grundzüge eines Systems der Begriffsbildung gewidmet, dessen Autoren, Max Brod und Felix Weltsch, Mitglieder des engeren Prager Kreises waren. Diese bezeichneten ihr Werk selbst als „Monographie über verschwommene Vorstellungen“. Ein wichtiger Grundzug ihrer Theorie ist die Bemühung um eine neue Bestimmung der Beziehung von Anschauung und Begriff, in der zeitgenössische Denkströmungen der Philosophie und der experimentellen Psychologie reflektiert werden. Die Autoren vermuten, dass in der Sphäre des Vagen und Unbestimmten gewisse beobachtbare Zwischenglieder entstehen, d. h. Meinungsbegriffe, die nicht im Zusammenhang mit der Bildung des wissenschaftlichen Begriffs stehen, so wie er im Neukantismus aufgefasst wird. Interessant ist ein Studium dieses Werks hinsichtlich der Rezeptionsgeschichte des Brentanismus im Kontext des damaligen intellektuellen Umfelds Prags, in den nachweislichen Beziehungen zwischen der deutschen Philosophie und Literatur in Prag bestanden.
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PL
Pojęcie symbolicznej pregnancji uchodzi w opinii wielu badaczy za kluczowe pojęcie Cassirerowskiej filozofii form symbolicznych. Właściwe zrozumienie tego pojęcia i jego miejsca w systemie filozoficznym Cassirera pozwala na ugruntowanie tej koncepcji oraz uchwycenie mechanizmu podziału i struktury form symbolicznych. Pojęcie symbolicznej pregnancji ma swoje źródło w teorii Gestalt. W dokonaniach Berlińskiej Szkoły Psychologii Postaci Cassirer widział najważniejszy przykład generalnej tendencji myśli naukowej, zgodnie z którą pojęcie funkcji ma prymat nad pojęciem substancji, a idea systematycznej całości nad pojęciem pierwotnych elementów. Przedstawione w niniejszym artykule wzajemne związki Cassirerowskiej myśli z myślą gestaltystów dają wyobrażenie o zakresie projektu filozofii form symbolicznych, która ma za zadanie objąć wszystkie możliwe dziedziny rozwoju ludzkiego ducha.
EN
The concept of “symbolic pregnancy” is in the opinion of many scholars one of the key concepts in Ernst Cassirer’s philosophy of symbolic forms. Without a proper understanding of its conceptual frame Cassirer’s philosophy lacks a consistent foundation. The concept “symbolic pregnancy” offers a mechanism of the distinction of symbolic forms. The newest investigations (also on unpublished or less known, neglected writings of the philosopher) has shown that the key-notion of “symbolic pregnancy” has its roots in Gestalt Theory (Gestalt Psychology). In this school Cassirer saw the most important example of a general tendency in scientific thought, according to which the primacy of the notion of “function” had to override the primacy of the notion of “substance”, the idea of “integrated whole” the notion of “primary elements”.
EN
The concept of “symbolic pregnancy” is in the opinion of many scholars one of the key concepts in Ernst Cassirer’s philosophy of symbolic forms. Without a proper understanding of its conceptual frame Cassirer’s philosophy lacks a consistent foundation. The concept “symbolic pregnancy” offers a mechanism of the distinction of symbolic forms. The newest investigations (also on unpublished or less known, neglected writings of the philosopher) has shown that the key-notion of “symbolic pregnancy” has its roots in Gestalt Theory (Gestalt Psychology). In this school Cassirer saw the most important example of a general tendency in scientific thought, according to which the primacy of the notion of “function” had to override the primacy of the notion of “substance”, the idea of “integrated whole” the notion of “primary elements”.
PL
Pojęcie symbolicznej pregnancji uchodzi w opinii wielu badaczy za kluczowe pojęcie Cassirerowskiej filozofii form symbolicznych. Właściwe zrozumienie tego pojęcia i jego miejsca w systemie filozoficznym Cassirera pozwala na ugruntowanie tej koncepcji oraz uchwycenie mechanizmu podziału i struktury form symbolicznych. Pojęcie symbolicznej pregnancji ma swoje źródło w teorii Gestalt. W dokonaniach Berlińskiej Szkoły Psychologii Postaci Cassirer widział najważniejszy przykład generalnej tendencji myśli naukowej, zgodnie z którą pojęcie funkcji ma prymat nad pojęciem substancji, a idea systematycznej całości nad pojęciem pierwotnych elementów. Przedstawione w niniejszym artykule wzajemne związki Cassirerowskiej myśli z myślą gestaltystów dają wyobrażenie o zakresie projektu filozofii form symbolicznych, która ma za zadanie objąć wszystkie możliwe dziedziny rozwoju ludzkiego ducha.
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