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Cesta k Říšskému konkordátu z července 1933 v kontextu vatikánské konkordátní politiky k Německu

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Šmíd M.
Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)
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2021
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vol. 29
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issue 1
29-47
EN
The present study deals with the Imperial Concordat of July 1933 in the context of the Vatican concordat policy towards Germany, which, moreover, is still in force. It analyses the course of negotiations which represented the culmination of the concordat policy of the Holy See towards Germany which found the Catholic Church in exceptionally good shape. The study is based on materials from the Vatican Archives (especially the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs of the Historical Archives of the Holy See), published sources, editions and periodicals, especially the Vatican newspaper L’Osservatore Romano which confronts foreign literature, especially of German provenance.
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Dlouhá cesta k Lateránským smlouvám: Diplomatické styky Svatého stolce a Itálie od nástupu fašizmu k moci do uzavření Lateránských smluv

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Šmíd M., Votavová P.
Studia theologica
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2018
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vol. 2
185-208
EN
The study deals with the diplomatic relations between the Holy See and Fascist Italy over the period of 1922–1929. In the period of the dramatic events in the 1920s, it follows up on the final phase of the so-called Rome question, which was opened after World War I. It describes each of the meetings and analyses the requirements of both sides, which resulted in the signing of Lateran Treaty in February 1929. By means of this treaty, Mussolini’s Italy recognized the sovereignty of the Holy See over the Church, accepted the right to send and receive legates, issue passports, own a post office and coin their own money. Furthermore, the Italian state returned property to religious persons, reintroduced obligatory religious education regulated by the Church, declared the Catholic Church as the state Church, forbid all anticlerical magazines, books and films, and imposed penalties for criticism and insults to the Catholic Church. In addition, the Pope was financially compensated. The head of the Catholic Church, in return, accepted the Italian kingdom with its capital city Rome, thereby indirectly contributing to the legitimation of Fascist Italy, which as a result, gained recognition in an international context. Despite every goodwill gesture of the Fascist state, Benito Mussolini began to break with his promises during the 1930s. It soon became apparent that B. Mussolini only saw concordat as a formal matter which should manifest the unity of the state and Church in the Apennine peninsula at least externally and assure support for the young authoritative figure from a powerful institution, the Catholic Church.
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