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EN
The path of European economic integration these days seems to be dominated by the European Union – its functioning and current challenges. It is however worth emphasizing, that the process of European integration together with commercial and trade aspects thereof, includes also elements which remain beyond the mainstream of Union–oriented debate and involve countries not being EU Member States. European Economic Area (EEA) is a good example of that. The supranational model of integration combined with inclinations towards more traditional, intergovernmental, concept of cooperation resulted in a very interesting form of economic integration grouping. The motives for establishing EEA, the mosaic of interests represented by states engaged, the economic conditionings in that respect and – finally – the character of EEA and the peculiar instruments of decision-making are then worth a closer analysis. No less important are perspectives of EEA further development. Those problems are the main elements of considerations presented in this contribution.
EN
We ask how reform of migration law intended to increase the selectivity of migration (the so-called integration agreement regulation in 2003) in Austria impacted on the education structure of migrants to Austria. To identify the effects of this reform, we use the fact that it applied only to migrants from third countries and not those from EEA-countries.We find no compelling evidence that this regulation improved the education structure of migrants to Austria. Our interpretation of this is that the implicit positive impact of the reforms on the education structure of migrants was countervailed by the increased restrictiveness of the migration regime overall, or that other developments in the migration regime were more important for changes in education structure in the time period considered.
EN
This paper is focused on the two biggest European institutions – European Free Trade Area (EFTA) and the European Union. Paper is in the first part focused on the development of their relationship, the history of participation on common market. It finds out that in the beginning these two organisations were mainly competing rivals and after years began to cooperate and in the 1990’s established the single common market by European Economic Area. In the second part the economic analysis of benefits of membership in EFTA is provided.
EN
This paper investigates the impact of specialization, diversification, and competition externalities on the regional growth of employment in the high-tech industries of the European Economic Area (EEA). A dynamic panel dataset of two-digit NACE rev 1.1. industries in the EEA regions is used in this analysis. It is found that regional growth is positively related to specialization externalities, and negatively to local competition while diversification has no impact on growth.
EN
The Court of Appeal in Wrocław, in its judgement of 29 October 2019 (I ACa 698/19) amending the judgement of the District Court of Wrocław of 28 February 2019 (I C733/18), declared invalid the acquisition of a real property by a South Korean citizen. In its judgement, the Court of Appeal in Wrocław interpreted Article 8 (2) of the Act of 24 March 1920 on the Acquisition of Real Property by Foreigners. This provision governs the subjective scope of the exemption from the obligation to obtain the authorisation from the minister competent for interior affairs for the acquisition of real property. The Court of Appeal has concluded that a natural person who is a foreign person within the meaning of the Act on the Acquisition of Real Property by Foreigners and who is not a citizen of the European Economic Area Member State or the Swiss Confederation, even though pursues individual economic activity in the territory of the Republic of Poland, shall not be entitled to the exemption provided for in Article 8 (2) of the Act on the Acquisition of Real Property by Foreigners concerning nationals and undertakings of the Member States of the European Economic Area agreement or the Swiss Confederation, as this would be contrary to the function of the Act on the Acquisition of Real Property by Foreigners and the systemic and teleological interpretation of Article 8 (2) of this Act.
PL
Sąd Apelacyjny we Wrocławiu w wyroku z dnia 29 października 2019 r. (I ACa 698/19), zmieniając wyrok Sądu Okręgowego we Wrocławiu z dnia 28 lutego 2019 r. (I C733/18), uznał za nieważne nabycie nieruchomości przez obywatela Korei Południowej. W glosowanym wyroku Sąd Apelacyjny we Wrocławiu dokonał wykładni art. 8 ust. 2 ustawy z dnia 24 marca 1920 r. o nabywaniu nieruchomości przez cudzoziemców. Przepis dotyczy zakresu podmiotowego zwolnienia z obowiązku uzyskania zezwolenia ministra właściwego dla spraw wewnętrznych na nabycie nieruchomości. Sąd Apelacyjny uznał, że osoba fizyczna będąca cudzoziemcem w rozumieniu ustawy o nabywaniu nieruchomości przez cudzoziemców, nieposiadająca obywatelstwa państwa – strony umowy o Europejskim Obszarze Gospodarczym albo Konfederacji Szwajcarskiej, mimo że prowadzi indywidualną działalność gospodarczą na terytorium Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, nie korzysta ze zwolnienia przewidzianego w art. 8 ust. 2 tej ustawy, dotyczącego obywateli i przedsiębiorców państw – stron umowy o Europejskim Obszarze Gospodarczym albo Konfederacji Szwajcarskiej, gdyż jest to sprzeczne z funkcją ustawy o nabywaniu nieruchomości przez cudzoziemców oraz z wykładnią systemową i celowościową art. 8 ust. 2 tej ustawy.
XX
W 2008 r. Islandia stała się jedną z pierwszych ofiar rozwijającego się kryzysu finansowego. Dodatkowo w jej przypadku kryzys miał wyjątkowo gwałtowny przebieg i niósł ze sobą szereg negatywnych skutków nie tylko o charakterze ekonomicznym, ale także społecznym i politycznym. [...] Na bazie tych doświadczeń doszło również do sporu dotyczącego wydawałoby się kwestii wcześniej niebudzącej większych wątpliwości i emocji, a mianowicie zakresu definicji depozytu w prawie islandzkim. W wyniku specyfiki rozwiązań prawnych Porozumienia o Europejskim Obszarze Gospodarczym oraz wskutek obowiązywania dyrektywy 94/19/WE, a także sposobu jej implementacji do prawa islandzkiego kwestia ta została przeniesiona na grunt prawa europejskiego w drodze pytania prejudycjalnego skierowanego do Trybunału Europejskiego Stowarzyszenia o Wolnym Handlu.
EN
The definition of a deposit under Directive 94/19/EC has been perceived as a non-controversial issue. Also during the ongoing work on the revision of the aforementioned directive much more focus has been put on issues concerning the target level of the DGS fund or the reimbursement period. However, under the stressed conditions of the Icelandic crisis, this matter sparked a dispute of significant economic importance. Court proceedings in the case Aresbank S.A. vs. NBI hf., Fjármálaeftirlitid and Iceland have become a major test for both the Icelandic judiciary and the legal system of the European Economic Area. It is also one of the few cases of judicial review of provisions of Directive 94/19/EC. The case of Iceland indicates that bank restructuring is inevitably related to substantial legal uncertainty arising from the discretion of the national authorities, which are susceptible to political and social influence.
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