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EN
Current EU economic and security challenges on the territory of the EU’s ‘ring of friends’ open a new page of its history influencing European security and stability framework of development. Therefore, it’s crucial to understand circumstances that favored to the catalyst progress of unstable neighborhoods. The article presents an analysis of the Italy’s position towards European Neighborhood Policy and the Eastern dimension of this policy – Eastern Partnership. A special interest is focus on its view towards Ukraine, being a reality-check for the European Union officials after the Revolution of Dignity, the illegal annexation of Crimea and the hybrid war of Russia. This article is presenting the ideas that ENP was created by the EU as an instrument for the democratization which couldn’t prevent conflicts in the geopolitically diverse regions. Italy, being one of the founding members of the European Union, was reluctant advocate a balanced approach towards the neighborhood regions. It merely focused on the Southern dimension of the ENP, almost taking apart Eastern Partnership. In the first part, the article demonstrates the development process of the ENP with a special attention that it coincided with the EU 5th enlargement preparation. This dualism influenced on the ENP tailoring and subsequent implementation. The second part focuses on the of the Italy’s opinion development from ENP launch till 2009 when its Eastern dimension - Eastern Partnership – was introduced. The third part analyzes Italy’s perception of Eastern Partnership and its attempts to reschedule EU’s attention to the South flank of the ENP in the post-Crimea annexation period.
EN
The scale of incidents related to Arab Awaking and the consequences of movement in MENA region surprised the European Union and international community. However, the report of the Arab Human Development Report predicted in 2009 � that the Arab world will face security challenges associated with growing population, which can lead to internal tensions between different communities. The Arab Spring has contributed to the creation of new political, economic and social realities which forced EU to take necessary action to adapt to this situation. Significant efforts were taken according to financial support which was delivered in increased budgets of European Neighborhood Policy projects, The European Investment Bank (EIB), the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). Due to the fact of immigration from region increases anxiety on the South of EU. In order to prevent illegal border crossing EU established Joint Operation Hermes 2011 � to resolve problem. However the Tunisami consequences are still considered as a threat to European Union security.
EN
Ukraine is the largest country that is included in European Neighborhood Policy. That is why the European Union should spotlight relations with this eastern partner, especially by foreign policy instruments like association agreement. The focus here is on the EU’s involvement in the Ukrainian crisis in period from Maidan revolution at the end of 2013, which was occasioned by the rejection of the association agreement with the EU by President Viktor Yanukovych, and to the presidential election in 2014. The main issue is to evaluate the EU’s scope to stabilize the political environment in the nearby neighborhood and eliminate threats, which are the results of war between Ukraine and Russia.
EN
The evolution of the Southern dimension of the European Neighborhood Policy after the Arab Spring. The aim of the article is to analyze the evolution of the European Neighborhood Policy, in particular its Southern dimension, after the Arab Spring. Since then, the EU has changed the strategic documents of the ENP several times trying to adapt its policy to the change taking place in the region. The European Neighborhood Policy initiated in 2004 has become one of the most ambitious European Union policies towards its neighbors. Based on the experience of the accession process, it has offered an integration in almost all areas of cooperation and financial assistance. At the same time, the European Union emphasized democratic reforms and respect for human rights. The Arab uprisings put the logic and eff ectiveness of the neighborhood policy in question. In 2011, the process of changing policy assumptions towards partners began. This process is based on a broad consensus in the EU institutions and member states regarding the need to adjust cooperation strategies with the European Union’s neighbors, to real challenges and problems, as well as partner countries’ capabilities.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza ewolucji Europejskiej Polityki Sąsiedztwa – w szczególności jej wymiaru południowego – po Arabskiej Wiośnie. Od czasu tych wydarzeń Unia kilkukrotnie zmieniała dokumenty strategiczne EPS, próbując dostosować swą politykę do zmian zachodzących w regionie. Zainicjowana w 2004 r. polityka sąsiedztwa stała się jednym z najambitniejszych przedsięwzięć Unii Europejskiej wobec najbliższych sąsiadów Europy – oparta na doświadczeniach procesu akcesyjnego, zaoferowała partnerom pomoc finansową oraz integrację niemal we wszystkich obszarach współpracy. Równocześnie Unia położyła nacisk na reformy demokratyczne i przestrzeganie praw człowieka. Powstania arabskie postawiły jednak logikę i skuteczność polityki sąsiedztwa pod znakiem zapytania – w 2011 r. rozpoczął się proces zmian jej założeń, będący wyrazem konsensusu w instytucjach UE i państwach członkowskich co do konieczności dostosowania strategii współpracy z sąsiadami Unii, do rzeczywistych możliwości, wyzwań i problemów
EN
The article presents the results of the study problem of formation and implementation of Eastern European policy by Great Britain in the 1990s – 2010s. The features of the European Union’s policy towards the post-Soviet countries of Eastern Europe (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova) and the role of Great Britain in this process are shown. The author argues that Britain’s foreign policy towards the countries of Eastern Europe, in particular the post-Soviet space, developed in the context of the general policy of the West and felt strongly influenced by the Russian factor. The strategic objective of the EU’s foreign policy in the new geopolitical environment has been to ensure stability and security in Eastern Europe, the former USSR, especially in the countries near the periphery. In 2002, the UK Government initiated the creation of a European Neighborhood Policy Mechanism. However, it was controversial. The democratic revolutions in Georgia and Ukraine in 2003–2004 did not lead to a radical revision of their relations with the EU. The intensification of tensions in the relations between the European Union, certain Western powers (in particular the United Kingdom) and Russia in the second half of the 2000s contributed to a certain intensification of their policy towards the post-Soviet states. However, the British governments have moved away from leading positions in the European Union integration policy and have taken a passive role in the Eastern Partnership program by giving the initiative to Germany. Despite the important strategic role of the Eastern European region, its importance to the EU and the United Kingdom has always been underestimated. It is concluded that the underestimation of security threats in Eastern Europe, along with the common problems of the Alliance’s development, have led to its inability to guarantee security at its eastern borders without the support of the US and NATO. The result is the United Kingdom, whose government, in the face of leaving the EU and losing influence in the Central Eastern Europe region, is interested in reorienting the United States to European security issues and stepping up NATO activities in Europe. With the UK leaving the EU, only real channel for its influence on the international situation in Eastern Europe will be US-backed NATO mechanisms. The completion of the Brexit process will weaken the position of Eastern European countries in their desire to become full members of the European Union.
PL
Celem badawczym pracy jest analiza ewolucji dwustronnych stosunków między Unią Europejską a Mołdawią od lat 90. XX w. do chwili obecnej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem udziału republiki mołdawskiej w Europejskiej Polityce Sąsiedztwa i Partnerstwie Wschodnim oraz podpisania i realizacji umowy stowarzyszeniowej. Współczesne wyzwania i zagrożenia (m.in. rosyjska agresja na Ukrainę) w znacznym stopniu wpłynęły na bezpieczeństwo UE, a także rozwój stosunków między UE a krajami sąsiedzkimi. W szczególności przed Mołdawią (jak i Ukrainą) otwarta została perspektywa członkostwa w strukturach UE. W pracy autorka postawiła hipotezę badawczą, iż mimo przyznania Mołdawii statusu kraju kandydującego do UE, republika wciąż posiada znaczące problemy wewnętrzne, brak rozwiązania których może w dużym stopniu odroczyć w czasie rozpoczęcie negocjacji akcesyjnych lub wręcz zahamować unijno-mołdawską współpracę.
EN
The research objective of the article is to analyze the evolution of bilateral relations between the European Union and Moldova from the 1990s to the present, with a particular focus on the participation of the Republic of Moldova in the European Neighborhood Policy and Eastern Partnership, as well as the signing and implementation of the Association Agreement. Contemporary challenges and threats (including Russian aggression against Ukraine) have had a significant impact on the security of the EU, as well as the development of relations between the EU and neighboring countries. In particular, the prospect of membership in the EU structures was opened up to Moldova (and Ukraine). In the paper, the author poses a research hypothesis that despite the fact that Moldova has been granted the status of an EU candidate country, the republic still has a significant internal problem, the lack of solution to which may largely postpone the commencement of accession negotiations or even hinder EU-Moldova cooperation.
PL
Przystąpienie dziesięciu państw do Unii Europejskiej w 2004 r., a następnie Rumunii i Bułgarii w 2007 r., zbliżyło Wspólnotę do niestabilnych regionów na wschodzie i południu. Pojawiła się ko nieczność wzmocnienia relacji (w tym handlowych) z sąsiadami. Wschodni sąsiedzi Unii Europejskiej zawsze odgrywali bardzo ważną rolę w kształtowaniu jej polityki zagranicznej. Unijna polityka wschodnia obejmuje nie tylko kwestie gospodarcze, ale również polityczne i bezpieczeństwa. Ze względu na zbliżone doświadczenia historyczne, podobne problemy oraz silne wzajemne powiązania gospodarcze, państwa partnerskie traktowane są jako jeden region. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie założeń, istoty i głównych wymiarów Partnerstwa Wschodniego w kontekście wzmocnienia stosunków ze wschodnimi sąsiadami Unii Europejskiej.
EN
The accession of ten countries in 2004, followed by Romania and Bulgaria in 2007, has brought the EU closer to fragile regions in the east and south. There was a need to strengthen relations (including commercial ones) with neighbors. The European Union’s Eastern neighbors have always played a very important role in its foreign policy. The EU’s eastern policy covers not only economic but also political and security issues. Due to similar historical experience, similar problems and strong economic interconnections, partner countries are treated as one region. The purpose of the article is to show the assumptions, essence and main dimensions of the Eastern Partnership in the context of strengthening relations with the eastern neighbors of the European Union.
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