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Measuring the tax gap in the European economy

100%
Raczkowski K.
Journal of Economics and Management
|
2015
|
vol. 21
58-72
EN
The objective of the paper is to reveal the methodology used to examine the tax gap and calculate the tax gap for all EU states over 2011-2014. The paper draws on the review of reference literature addressing the tax gap in the context of tax avoidance and tax evasion. The paper features the GDP size across countries so as to demonstrate the overall level of the shadow economy compared to the aggregate tax burden. Finally, for the first time, the calculations of the tax gap for all EU states over 2011-2014 were displayed.
2
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Od recesji do reindustrializacji. Nowy priorytet rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego Unii Europejskiej w dobie narastającej konkurencji globalnej

87%
Walkowski M.
Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej
|
2015
|
issue 9
453-470
EN
After over a dozen years of the illusory belief in the success of the „knowledge-based economy", mainly based on knowledge-intensive services (KIS), and the e-economy development model, EU policymakers noticed the error of de-industrialisation initiated in the late 1980s. Both at the level of member states and that of European institutions – under the banner of re-industrialisation – it was decided to return to the idea of developing a modern and competitive European industry. Deindustrialisation meant that European corporations transferred their labour-intensive production to the ‘largest factory of the world,’ namely China and other emerging markets of South and East Asia. This was associated with the loss of thousands of jobs in European industries, increasing unemployment and social discontent. In the paper, the author describes and evaluates the idea of the re-industrialisation of the European economy and discusses the most important initiatives necessary to implement the vision of a modern, innovative and industrial Europe.
3

The "Problem" of Aspects of Teaching and Learning / Teaching - Learning in European Union Law

72%
Nedelcu-Ienei A. V.
Journal of Legal Studies
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2015
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vol. 16
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issue 30
67-75
EN
The paper addresses an important problem and the frequency of teaching and learning/teaching-learning in higher education/university student, generated by the incapacity to himself selectively information conveyed through alternative sources. The theoretical approach of the course in European Union law from the dual perspective of the studies about the EU (from the perspective of Community law/EU of the European economy as well as from the perspective of the European administration, international relations and historical and cultural studies or interdisciplinary) require students to knowledge/concept related institutions entrusted with the exercise of prerogative powers in a State, who they studied/problems in previous years in fact, it is precisely this times is done or shall not become unwieldy. And last but not least not be overlooked aspects of individual differences that influence the process of learning: the way of thinking and the preferences of both factors (teachers/students) on lifelong learning, which influences the effectiveness of the approaches in the process of instruction (or multiple types of intelligence entitled, the use of information and others).
4

Identyfikacja znaczenia krajów w gospodarce Unii Europejskiej z wykorzystaniem miary dekompozycji zmian struktury

72%
Markowska M.
Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie
|
2016
|
issue 9(957)
71-87
PL
Celem pracy jest analiza dynamiki zmian w gospodarce Unii Europejskiej w ujęciu strukturalnym. Analiza dotyczy jednej zmiennej makroekonomicznej – produktu krajowego brutto, liczonego zgodnie z metodologią Banku Światowego. Badaniem objęto okres 1995–2014, a elementami struktury są kraje. Wzięto pod uwagę 28 krajów tworzących obecnie Unię Europejską, stąd pojęcie Unii Europejskiej ma charakter umowny i oznacza zbiór krajów, które do 2014 r. przystąpiły do Unii. Oryginalność metodologiczna polega na wykorzystaniu nowej miary dekompozycji zmian struktury. Struktura jest tu rozumiana jako zbiór elementów tworzących pewną całość. Porównanie wartości elementu z sumą całości pokazuje strukturę pod względem „kształtu”, natomiast wartości elementów struktury mówią o jej „rozmiarze”. Wykorzystano miarę dekompozycji do oceny udziału składników (krajów) w zmianach rozmiaru, a znak miary wskazuje, czy nastąpił wzrost, czy spadek udziału. Suma modułów wartości miary dla wszystkich składników struktury jest równa 1 dla każdej porównywanej pary jednostek czasu. W badanym okresie PKB we wszystkich analizowanych krajach na ogół rósł. Tempo tych przyrostów było jednak różne, stąd można spodziewa się, że przestrzenna struktura PKB całej Unii ulegała zmianom.
EN
The main aim of the paper is to analyse the structural dynamics in the EU economy. It is based on one macroeconomic variable – GDP, calculated using the methodology employed by the World Bank. The research covers the years 1995–2014. The 28 member states that belonged to the EU at the end of the period are treated as the structural elements of the European economy. A new measure for decomposing structural changes is used in the analysis. It takes into account changes in the values of the structural components, which is called the „size” of the structure (as opposed to „shape”, which concerns only the share of components). The decomposition measure makes it possible to evaluate changes in the importance of individual countries in the European economy, and the sign of a measure shows whether an increase or decrease has been observed. The sum of absolute values of decomposition measure comes out to one for each pair of time units compared.
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