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1

From Eurogovernmentalism to Hard Euroscepticism—Genesis of the Czech Liberal-Conservative “Anti-EU” Stream

100%
Cabada L.
The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs
|
2015
|
issue 2
19-43
EN
An analysis of the development and programmatic standpoint of the Czech liberal-conservative political stream. The article uses the concept of Euroscepticism as presented in the works of Szczerbiak and Taggart, and Kopecký and Mudde as the theoretical framework and develops this concept based on Petr Kaniok’s new typology. In the first part of the analysis is a discussion of the development of the Eurosceptic faction within the Civic Democratic Party (ODS) and changes in the party’s position towards the EU. It also lends understanding to the Eurosceptic faction within the ODS, with Václav Klaus as its supporter and think tanks related to him, as the incubator for the establishment of the Party of Free Citizens (SSO) in 2009. In the second part of the analysis, the focus is on the party’s programme and its position within the European political arena. The analysis also includes a discussion of the most visible proclamations of the party leaders against the EU and the European integration process. The analysis is framed with the general debate about the liberal-conservative party family and its development at the EU level.
2

Radical and Populist Eurosceptic Parties at the 2014 European Elections: A Storm in a Teacup?

100%
Brack N.
The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs
|
2015
|
issue 2
7-17
EN
The integration process has now entered a new and more difficult phase characterised by mass Euroscepticism and the rise of radical and populist parties. Against the backdrop of the economic crisis, Euroscepticism has become increasingly mainstreamed in the sense that it has become increasingly more legitimate and salient, and in many ways less contested, across Europe. The European elections in May 2014 attest to this trend. Claims of the EU’s non-democratic nature and the need for major reforms have become commonplace among mainstream parties, and this context has provided particularly fertile soil for Eurosceptic players. This introduction first briefly examines the complex nature of Euroscepticism before turning to an overview of the success of populist and right-wing Eurosceptic parties at the 2014 elections. Then, it discusses the lack of influence of these parties in the EP despite their electoral success. Last, the articles included in this issue of The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs are briefly introduced.
3

The N-VA: Challenging Europeanism

100%
Mercier S.
The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs
|
2015
|
issue 2
145-162
EN
The European Parliamentary elections of May 2014 saw the strong emergence of more Eurosceptic and radical parties than ever before. In Belgium, these elections were overwhelmingly won by the Flemish separatist party: the Nieuw-Vlaams Alliantie (N-VA). The electoral victory triggered an anti-EU political fog around the N-VA. However, the Flemish separatists have a clear pro-European ideology. Subsequently, the article includes a brief analysis of the historical and socio-economic dynamics that led Belgium to have regionalism as the common political thread of its state structure. The article also assesses the political ambitions of the N-VA. It aims to demonstrate that the European Union is used by the N-VA, based on political and philosophical tensions, to intellectually and electorally normalise the Flemish nationalist project in Belgium and in the EU. These tensions present in other EU Member States could question or reinforce the existing political structures of the European Union.
4

The Front National: Old Rhetoric, New Practices

80%
Thillaye R., Chwalisz C.
The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs
|
2015
|
issue 2
103-119
EN
Under Marine Le Pen’s leadership, Front National has climbed remarkably in the polls. A debate has opened about whether the party’s Europhobic, “euro-rejectionist” nature has softened under her direction or whether her “de-demonisation” strategy is merely a veneer. This article seeks to answer this question by considering Front National’s foreign policy outlook, its attitudes towards the EU as a whole and, more specifically, by analysing its representatives’ behaviour and voting patterns in the European parliament. It becomes clear that Front National’s core message has changed little since its founding days. The notable difference is a heightened professionalism and attention to style. The party’s tone has softened to gain credibility among a wider voter base. However, the wide rift between the approaches taken by the party’s MEPs suggest Front National will need to carefully navigate the tension between its position as a party of protest and one that needs to take on the responsibility of governing in a system that requires compromise.
5

Janusz Korwin-Mikke and the Rest: The Polish Eurosceptic Right Wing

80%
Dhwedczuk-Szulc K., Zaremba M.
The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs
|
2015
|
issue 2
121-134
EN
The European Parliamentary elections of 2014 were record-breaking in two dimensions: the lowest voter turnout in the history of EP elections and the highest support for the so-called Eurosceptics camp. Although parties that can be identified with the pro-integration camp retained the majority in the EP, the rise of the populist parties, especially on the right wing, is self-evident. The article focus on Janusz Korwin-Mikke and his milieu, as they have managed to gain four seats in EP, garnering 7.15% of all votes in Poland. The authors try to find an answer as to why Korwin-Mikke’s relative success has come at this time and the possible implications and future of this political group.
6

Between Europe and Russia: The Foreign Policy of Janusz Korwin-Mikke’s New Right in Poland

80%
Bachrynowski S.
The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs
|
2015
|
issue 2
135-144
EN
Janusz Korwin-Mikke is a popular politician and a highly visible public figure in Poland, known for his very strong views on both European and Eastern foreign policy. Widely regarded as an opponent of the EU, he has recently been associated with support for Putin’s Russia. The article aims to describe and analyse Korwin-Mikke’s vision of Poland in Europe and of Polish relations towards the Russian Federation, particularly in the aftermath of the annexation of the Crimean peninsula, and to examine the ways in which Korwin-Mikke and his former party colleagues in the Congress of the New Right have manifested their foreign policy outlook through their behaviour and initiatives within the Parliament. Importantly there are aspects of the Euroasiatic model in the foreign-policy thinking of Korwin-Mikke, and his fundamental policy prescription for Poland is that it should remain neutral to avoid a new global conflict, which is inevitable in his opinion.
7

Parties and Politics of Opposition in the European Union

80%
Sydow von G.
The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs
|
2014
|
issue 1
69-81
EN
This paper will argue that the emergence of party-based Euroscepticism is an outcome of the changing role of parties and party competition. Drawing on theories of party democracy, I will show that the pressure on mainstream parties to live up to national European commitments and be responsible in EU affairs is challenging their ability to be responsive to voters’ needs. Their efforts to stress classic left-right splits are falling flat in a political arena that relies on a degree of consensus between governments of all political hues, and which produces outcomes that do not fit neatly into either right or left schemes. The result of this lack of party competition over policy is a growing instance of opposition to polity. Whilst mainstream parties compete to retain their place in the polity, “populist” parties, unmotivated by concerns of office, fight exclusively over policy. Mainstream parties have responded to the resulting politicisation of EU affairs by seeking to externalise conflict, not least by resorting to referendums and delegating conflict resolution to non-political bodies and arenas. The move has backfired.
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