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1

Evaluation of effects of fertility and mortality changes under the socio-economic transformation in Poland

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Kurkiewicz J., Stanowski M., Wegrzyn D.
Studia Demograficzne
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2004
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issue 1(145)
25-54
EN
The population structures and demographic processes and their interrelations are considered as the main determinants of future developments of the population. This study evaluates the influence of mortality and fertility changes on the population structure by age and sex in Poland in the period of socio-economic transformation. The different impact for the urban and rural populations is also taken into account. In the 1990s, the radical changes of fertility and family pattern took place, similar to those observed in the developed countries since the 1960s and called 'the second demographic transition'. However, due to different economic setting, changes in Poland had their particular characteristics and dynamics. Between 1990 and 2000 number of people in Poland rose slightly (by about 464 thousands). In these years positive trends in mortality were observed, concerning adult and older people as well as infants, which resulted in the extended life expectancy. In the same time, number of births was constantly declining and fertility went down. Population ageing was progressing. Projections of the population in Poland with the cohort-component method revealed that without improvement in mortality the increase of population would be smaller by 60 thousands of people. The greater increase was possible due to decline in mortality of men but the projected number of women in 2000 was also greater than observed. The residents of cities benefited more from the decline in mortality than the rural population. The most influenced by the mortality decline were children aged 0-10 years, men in age groups 45-55 and older people of both sexes (60-84). No increase was observed in the oldest age group (85+). Distributions of gaining and losing age groups were different for urban and rural areas. Improvements in mortality hardly influenced population ageing. With the constant mortality at the level of 1990, ageing at the bottom of the age pyramid would be faster than it was observed. Greater projected number of births than observed was the straightforward result of the fertility decline. The differences in the observed and projected numbers of births went up with time. The fertility decrease in the period under study contributed to population ageing, especially at the bottom of the age pyramid. Indirectly, it also influenced the structure at the top. Since the analysis was based on period measures, one can expect that the cohort fertility will be higher than the level shown by period rates. There are indications that a decline in fertility are mostly the result of postponing births rather than an established pattern of childlessness.
2

THE FERTILITY OF MARRIED WOMEN IN THE PARISH OF ROZMBERK NAD VLTAVOU IN THE 19TH CENTURY

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Poulova M.
Historická demografie (Historical Demography)
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2007
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vol. 31
49-90
EN
This study analyses marital fertility in the 19th century in the parish of Rozmberk nad Vltavou, which is located in Southern Bohemia. In the 19th century this region was stagnating economically. Its lack of development was reflected in demographic changes. The natality and fertility rates remained almost unchanged even in the 19th century. Changes that did occur were caused by the rising age of marriage more than by an effort to regulate the number of children born. Throughout the period under observation families tended to have around 4-5 children on average. Women's fertility was especially high at the start of the marriage, and then it gradually declined after the age of 30. Fertility remained at the same level throughout the century and was only slightly lower than in the 18th century. Infant and child mortality were relatively high: by the age of five just over one-quarter of all children born had died (26.2 %) and the rate of stillbirths hovered around 2 %. The minor changes that did occur in the 19th century among the Rozmberk population were not pronounced enough for us to be able to speak about this society's transition to new demographic structures.
3
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Analiza porównawcza wpływu zmian płodności i umieralności na starzenie się ludności w Polsce

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Szklarska M., Najman P.
Prace i Materiały Wydziału Zarządzania Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego
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2011
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vol. 2
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issue 3
83-97
EN
The aim of the study is to compare the effect of changes in fertility and mortality on population aging in Poland by provinces. The following hypotheses were verified:(1) the main factor affecting the aging of the population in Poland is the decline of fertility, (2) lengthening of life expectancy of elderly people has a weaker effect, due to the lower rate of decline of mortality in this population, (3) aging of the population in Poland varies depending on the place of residence. To verify these assumptions, considered two types of scenarios. The first one shows the evolution of population structure, individual regions, assuming a constant level of fertility, which are assigned to hypothetical changes in mortality. In the second indicated how changes in population structure, with varying fertility attributed to a constant level of mortality.
4

THE SYSTEM OF ELECTRONIC REGISTRATION OF INFORMATION ABOUT PATIENTS TREATED FOR INFERTILITY WITH THE IVF ICSI/ET METHOD

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Milewski R., Jamiolkowski J., Milewska A. J., Domitrz J., Wolczynski S.
Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric
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2009
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issue 17(30)
225-239
EN
Infertility treatment with IVF (in vitro fertilization) methods require collection, storage and analysis of large quantity of data. Existing hospital systems are not prepared to gather such detailed and specialized information. This situation stimulated the formation of a group dealing with the infertility treatment as well as software programming. The group also decided to create a suitable system for gathering this type of information. After a long period of preparations, consultations and tests, the system has been initiated and implemented in the Clinic of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology in Bialystok. The transparent structure and the form of implementation of the system allow it to be used by untrained personnel involved in work with other hospital systems. Data relating to few hundred couples treated for infertility using the IVF ICSI/ET method has been accumulated up to the date of writing of this paper.
5

FAMILY POLICY IN AUSTRIA: A LESSON FOR POLAND

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Fihel A.
Studia Demograficzne
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2007
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issue 1(151)
61-83
EN
The article presents contemporary family policy in Austria in the context of unfavourable demographic changes, such as the decreasing number of births and the increasing instability of marriage. The extended system of family benefits and the regulations on maternity and parental leaves, being advantageous to parents, make Austria one of the most family-friendly countries in Europe. However, until the 1990s, the Austrian government supported maternal care for children and women's withdrawal from the labour market by giving priority to the provision of cost compensation of women's economic inactivity. That policy turned out to be unadjusted to both labour market requirements and social preferences.Since the mid 1990s, several new family policy measures were implemented, aimed at promoting part-time jobs for mothers, or the use of maternal and parental leaves by both parents. However, underdevelopment of institutional care for children, as well as lack of flexible work patterns, make it still difficult, to reconcile work and family in Austria. Austrian experts proved, that the prolonged parental leave had only a temporary impact on fertility. Therefore, financial transfers, which compensate direct costs of children, should be supplemented by measures aimed at improving general conditions to make them more favorable for decisions about having children, like supporting employment of parents, especially employment of young mothers, developing child care services and family-friendly institutions, in general.
6

Bezrobocie determinanta przestrzennego zroznicowania plodnosci wedlug miejsca zamieszkania w Polsce w latach 1999−2009

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Podogrodzka M.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
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2012
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issue 1(154)
119-131
EN
The article presents an analysis of fertility by region in Poland, described by the total fertility rate and the pattern of fertility. The aim of the analysis is to distinguish regions showing similar features in terms of fertility. The article describes many determinants of regional differences in fertility, giving special attention to the situation on the labour market (unemployment). A linear multiple regression model is used to define the characteristic features of unemployment that contribute in an essential way to regional differences in fertility.
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FLUCTUATING PERCEPTION OF SELECTED RISK SITUATIONS WITH RESPECT TO HORMONAL CHANGES DURING MENSTRUAL CYCLE

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Sukolova D., Sarmany-Schuller I.
Studia Psychologica
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2011
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vol. 53
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issue 1
3-12
EN
The aim of the study was to relate the findings concerning hormonal changes during a menstrual cycle to the area of risk perception and evaluation. Evaluation mediators, which take part in risk perception in both genders but are nonetheless inter-sexually different, have become an issue of primary interest. Women base their judgments on the probability of negative outcome, whereas men only lose their willingness to undertake risk when a serious injury is conceivable. This is a consequence of certain reproduction advantages that men are aware of when undertaking risk as well as the resulting feelings of pleasure brought by risk-taking. It is our assumption that during the fertile period the seriousness of a negative outcome plays a role of primary relevance. In a questionnaire of our own design 331 women between 19 and 26 years of age evaluated specific risky situations that encompassed potential reproduction advantages. Our findings indicate that the perception mediator whose level in this case approaches that of men, due to potential benefits from the risky situation and increased feelings of pleasure, is a specific feature of the fertile period. The evaluated seriousness of injury becomes crucial in the process of risk evaluation.
8
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FERTILITY POSTPONEMENT BETWEEN SOCIAL CONTEXT AND BIOLOGICAL REALITY: THE CASE OF SERBIA

88%
Vasić P.
Sociológia (Sociology)
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2021
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vol. 53
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issue 3
309 – 336
EN
This paper reflects some views on the biological background of fertility tempo and its demographic consequences. Assumptions are tested on Serbian fertility data, based on deductive conclusions and by applying the demographic method. Due to decreasing odds for conception as well as for a live birth pregnancy outcome with a woman’s age, the changing of the age-pattern of fertility in Serbia has led to fewer births, and has revealed the negative influence of a dispersion of births outside of an optimal reproductive age on fertility rates. This article summarizes findings about social context of fertility postponement and age-related infertility in women and clarifies the biologically driven demographic consequences of childbirth postponement on the total number of births and total fertility rate.
9
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VZDELANIE ŽIEN A PLODNOSŤ: K NIEKTORÝM DIFERENČNÝM ASPEKTOM TRANSFORMÁCIE PLODNOSTI NA SLOVENSKU

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Šprocha B., Tišliar P., Šídlo L.
Sociológia (Sociology)
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2020
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vol. 52
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issue 5
499 - 524
EN
The educational structure of young women in Slovakia is undergoing significant qualitative changes. Its main features include a historically unique inclination to the tertiary degree. Extending the study period and increasing participation rates in education are closely linked to these changes. At the same time, several important changes in the intensity, timing and nature of reproductive behaviour are taking place in Slovakia. Together, they are part of the overall transition to adulthood. Women's education is generally considered to be one of the most influential predictors of their demographic behaviour. Educational attainment and enrolment are strongly related to fertility tempo and quantum, family size, union formation and partnership choices. However, the influence of these factors is a lesser-known phenomenon in Slovakia. The main aim of the article is to point out the differences in realized fertility, differences in the structure of women according to parity, the impact of changes in parity progression ratios on the completed cohort fertility according to women's education. In the second part, we focus on cross-sectional changes that occur after 1989. We analyse not only the intensity of fertility, but also changes in the timing and concentration of fertility according to the age and education of the woman.
10
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Proč chceme děti: hodnota dítěte a preferovaný počet dětí v České republice

88%
Pakosta P.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2009
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vol. 45
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issue 5
899-935
EN
Surveys often reveal that the number of children people would like to have is greater than the number they actually have. This article examines the question of why people actually want children and bases its answers on data from the 2006 Value of Children Survey, which reintroduces the value of children concept from the 1970s. The battery of survey questions used identified six dimensions of the value of children (The positives of parenthood; Natural drives and goals; Tradition and social status; Social pressure; Limitations and losses; and Decision inhibitors). The respondents, young people between the ages of 28 and 34, see the main reasons for deciding to have children in the positive feelings associated with raising children and with successful parenthood as a natural part of life. They associate parenthood less with responses about social norms and pressure or with rational considerations about all the pros and cons of having children, and they see parenthood as their own, individual decision. A data analysis based on a multinomial logistic regression shows that declared attitudes to a limited extent influence the preferred number of children and that the Czech population is still dominated by the idea of the two-child family with two biological parents, while declared voluntary childlessness is still a marginal phenomenon.
11
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Determinanty płodności kobiet w Stanach Zjednoczonych: przegląd wyników badań

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Susel A., Jasienska G.
Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie
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2010
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vol. 8
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issue 2
101-108
EN
In the last 20 years the United States, in contrast to European Union countries, has not experienced a reduction in fertility. The socio-economic determinants of fertility of women are widely discussed in the literature. Fertility of women in the United States is determined by many factors, including religion, education, income, place of birth, ethnicity, immigration status, marital status and age. The presented paper reviews results of selected studies published in the last 40 years in demographic journals and focuses on the relationship between religion, income, education and immigration status and fertility of women in the United States.
12
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DEMOGRAPHIC BEHAVIOUR AND THE MODERNIZATION PROCESS: CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY OF FERTILITY DETERMINANTS IN SLOVAKIA 1930

75%
Roupa M.
Sociológia (Sociology)
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2012
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vol. 44
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issue 3
255 – 290
EN
In 1930, the population of Slovakia was in the middle of a demographic transition. Various models of fertility behaviour were common, and so were families with high and low numbers of children. This paper looks at the causes of differences in fertility by comparing the level of fertility with economic, social and cultural indicators in 81 districts of Slovakia. The results show that several social and economic factors had a strong relationship with fertility: illiteracy, infant mortality, the proportion of dependence on agriculture and other factors, most of which can be described as measures of the modernization of society. Ethnic and religious structures of the population were less important factors. Also the relationship of fertility with marriage age and the proportion of married were surprisingly weak. The paper discusses possible explanations for the relationship between fertility and indicators, i.e. mechanisms underlying these relations, but the available data do not allow sufficient verification. Instead of finding causal relations, it is possible to show the proxies of general modernization, which would be most effective in estimating the level of fertility. The level of education, which best reflects the change in economic conditions as well as change in values and attitudes of people – both necessary for fertility decline, proved to be such an indicator.
13
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BEZDETNOSŤ – NOVÝ FENOMÉN V ŽIVOTNÝCH DRÁHACH ŽIEN NA SLOVENSKU

75%
Šprocha B., Šťastná A., Šídlo L.
Sociológia (Sociology)
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2017
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vol. 49
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issue 5
561 – 587
EN
Women in Slovakia and in other countries in Central and Eastern Europe whose reproductive years overlapped with the previous political regime rarely opted not to have children, and childlessness thus became a marginal phenomenon. This study provides a detailed reconstruction of long-term childlessness trends among women in Slovakia. In addition, we focus on the changes in cohort fertility and especially in first births in connection to the future development of childlessness among women born in the late 1970s and the first half of the 1980s. A very important goal of this paper is to look more closely at a group of women who remain childless in a society where people married and had children at very early age and where becoming a mother was a general norm. Our analysis is based on the Population Censuses. Using the childlessness rate and binary logistical regression, we attempt to identify characteristics which determine whether women will remain childless or not. The main finding of this analysis is that Slovakia has experienced a U-shaped pattern in permanent childlessness in cohorts between 1900 and 1970. The lowest level was observed among women born around 1940. Cohorts from the late 1960s and the early 1970s experienced rapid increases in childlessness. According to our estimations the childlessness level among women born in the first half of the 1980s may reach 18 – 20 %. A detailed analysis of the structural characteristics of the childless women showed family status and education to have a significant impact on the likelihood to remain childless. Likewise, certain differences in childlessness levels are also found in women by nationality, religion and their place of residence.
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THE MAIN CORRELATIONS DETERMINING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUNGARIAN POPULATION IN THE CARPATHIAN BASIN (A Karpat-medencei magyar nepesedesi folyamatokat meghatarozo fobb osszefuggesek)

75%
Toth P. P.
Tarsadalomkutatas (Social Science Research)
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2009
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vol. 27
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issue 1
49-71
EN
Up to 1918, the Hungarian population development in the Carpathian-basin was determined by two interrelated and interdependent processes. One component of the process is determined by the fertility level of the Hungarian people, modified continuously by mortality. The other element altering and complementing the effects of (Hungarian) fertility and mortality is an external one, namely, the number of assimilated non-Hungarians (local non-Hungarians or migrants) and their descendants. The collapse of the Hungarian Kingdom and the military and civic casualties of World War I resulted in radical changes also in the Hungarian population development. As a result of this 3.2 million ethnic Hungarians became the citizens of the neighbouring countries without ever changing their residence. On the territory of Hungary with newly set up boundaries, the principles of population development before 1918 were scarcely or not at all functioning, and population replacement from non-Hungarians was not working any more. After these changes the inner migration resulted mainly in territorial reorganization of the population and aims at contributing to the modernization. In the new social standing the role of international migration in population replacement has also changed: Hungary becomes a target country mainly just for Hungarians living outside of its new territory as a result of peace treaties, and this tendency persists up to the present. The present day migrants coming from foreign countries are not increasing the number of the Hungarian population, just enlarge the number of ethnic Hungarians living in the present-day territory of Hungary, and increase also the total population number of Hungary. As a result, there is a speeding up tendency, persisting up to the moment, to be simply characterized by the concentration of Hungarians leaving the neighbouring countries and coming to the current territory of Hungary. Logically, the decrease in the population number of sending communities has accelerated (undermined further by the surplus in mortality and lack of assimilation of non-Hungarians), causing the shrinking of territories inhabited by ethnic Hungarians outside of Hungary, and giving rise to an ethnically more and more homogenous population on the territory of Hungary. In the long run, this can bring about the demographical weakening of ethnic Hungarians living in their ancestral land in eight countries neighbouring Hungary, endangering even their survival.
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ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE CONJUGAL LOVE: UNITY AND OTHERNESS. BIBLICAL PERSPECTIVE (GEN. 1, 26-28, 2, 18-25) (Antropologia milosci malzenskiej: jednosc i odmiennosc. Perspektywa biblijna (Rdz 1, 26-28; 2, 18-25))

75%
Witaszek G.
Roczniki Nauk o Rodzinie (Annals of Family Studies)
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2009
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vol. 56
69-85
EN
The basic texts of the Old Testament speaking on marriage can be found in the book of Genesis - stories of creation in Genesis 1, 26-28: 2, 18-25. They place the emergence of the institution of marriage at the end of the creative activity of God. Marriage in Scripture is associated with the act of creation of the human person, a man and a woman, the image and likeness of God. Sexual difference between man and woman does not just refer to the physical difference, but it is the complementarity in the implementation of unity, which involves the whole life. At the end of the act of creation takes place the blessing of God, which expresses the wish of fertility. Fertility, wanted by God, becomes a task for marriage and vocation, which can be described as social, as it should be open to the world and rule over it. Sexuality is a good thing until it expresses the intentions of the Creator. Marriage is a paradigm, which is used by God to reveal who he is: the implementation of love and friendship, reciprocity, and covenants specified category similarity. A person - a man and a woman - an image of a God who is love and therefore love is the principle of reciprocity and complementarity. God, in creating man, guided by himself, with his love. Marriage, therefore, expresses the image of God.
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