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HOW DOES LENGTH OF FIELDWORK PERIOD INFLUENCE NON-RESPONSE? FINDINGS FROM ESS 2 IN POLAND

100%
Sztabinski Pawel B., Franciszek S., Przybysz D.
ASK. Research and Methods
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2009
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vol. 18
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issue 1
67-95
EN
In this paper the authors show how one method of increasing the response rate, i.e. an extension of the fieldwork period, influences the structure of non-response and the differences between respondents and non-respondents. They used data from the Pilot Study and the Main Study for the European Social Survey, Round 2, and from follow-up studies conducted after each of those. The fieldwork period of the Pilot Study was 11 days and the one of the Main Study was nearly 2.5 months. The follow-up study involved distributing a mail questionnaire to people who did not participate in the face-to-face survey (non-respondents). Extension of the fieldwork period brought a relatively modest increase in the response rate. However, a comparison of differences between the respondents and non-respondents for a short and a long fieldwork period demonstrated that those differences occurred in demographic variables and in opinion questions. They also compared the effect of the length of fieldwork period on differences between the respondents and two categories of non-respondents: refusers and inaccessibles for other reasons. They did not find any effect of the length of the fieldwork period on differences between respondents and inaccessibles for other reasons, neither in socio-demographics nor in opinion questions. However, the effect did occur when we compared respondents and refusers.
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TECHNIQUES OF RESEARCH IN INTER-SUBJECTIVE SYSTEMS OF COMMUNICATION - QUESTIONNAIRES

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Elschek O.
Ethnomusicologicum
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2005
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vol. 4
131-138
EN
Fieldwork gains those documents, which are necessary to exemplify processes and phenomena under research. Among the multitude of many methods available and used in fieldwork the paper is concentrated on inter-subjective relations and communication between the researcher and the persons supplying information. This relation became in the last decade subject of psychological investigations. The most decisive role is played in this investigation by psychoanalytical views. Ethnopsychological aspects are more and more enlarged and touch the methodology of ethno-psychoanalytical procedures, applied to the fieldwork situation. Furthers aspect are directed to the traditionally used audiovisual multimedia in documentation as it was the case in the last 100 years. In the 70s have been renewed procedures and aspects in inter-personal communication in empirical and experimental projects as applied in the motifs by Sigmund Freud, Bronislaw Malinowski and others, which got a remarkable support in new research. The inner relations in this procedure are exemplified in two schemes: the first shows the infrastructure of relation between the subject of the researchers and the persons he is investigating. The second scheme has to analyze the project of fieldwork, its organization, administration and data retrieval.
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FIELD TRIPS AS RITES OF PASSAGE

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Trabka A.
Kultura i Społeczeństwo
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2007
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vol. 51
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issue 4
81-99
EN
The article is an attempt to answer the question whether field trips can be considered to be rituals of passage. For this purpose the authoress uses a qualitative analysis of the following journals and memoirs: 'A Journal in the Strictest Meaning of the Word' by Bronislaw Malinowski, 'L'Afrique fantôme' by Michel Leiris, 'Tristes tropiques' by Claude Lévi-Strauss, 'Return to laughter' by Elenore Smith-Bowen and 'Reflections on Fieldwork in Morocco' by Paul Rabinow. The starting point for the deliberations is the classic rites of passage theory proposed by Arnold van Gennep and its interpretation in the spirit of symbolic anthropology as conducted by Victor Turner. We then encounter a short description of the nature of the intensive field studies and a brief review of the context in which the aforementioned journals and memoirs were written. The main part of the article seeks an answer to the question of whether the experiences of the researchers may show that the research in itself is a kind of initiation for them.
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CESTY ZA "KULTÚRNOU INAKOSŤOU".TERÉNNY VÝSKUM PRED DESAŤROČIAMI

100%
Danglová O.
Etnologické rozpravy (Ethnological Disputes)
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2007
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vol. 14
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issue 2
131-137
EN
The authoress recapitulates the experience she gained during her fieldwork in the 1960s and 1970s. She comes to the conclusion that ethnographic research in Slovakia at that time was aimed mostly to follow and reconstruct the vanishing phenomena of 'folk culture', that is, shepherd culture and peasant culture. The ethnographers paid attention mainly to the detail description of the local contexts and compared diverse cultural conditions distributed in space. Depiction of the elements of modernisation was uncommon, although they could be a part of investigated culture. The result of cultural analysis, therefore, often presented an ideal construct isolated from informal logic of reality.
5
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Friendship in anthropological fieldwork: some ethical doubts

100%
Nowicka E.
Lud
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2012
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vol. 96
109-122
EN
Friendship is a relationship and at the same time a sort of feeling, which may take on a permanent character. This article shows that it can be and often is something else, namely a tool in anthropological fieldwork. The author tries to answer the following questions: 1. whether a certain emotional relationship called “friendship” between researcher and researchee is necessary as a cognitive tool in the process of anthropological fieldwork, 2. whether it is possible to reconcile the procedure of intellectual and empirical insight into social reality – which requires considerable distance, impartiality, the descriptive “objectivist” attitude that sees the researched reality, including the researched people, as objects – with friendship which is engaged and not at all impartial, and 3. whether friendship between researcher and researchee is morally neutral. I discuss the story of the friendship between a poet and writer, the first specialist in Roma culture in Poland and an excellent fieldworker, Jerzy Ficowski, and a Gypsy (Polska Roma) woman, Bronisława Wajss (Romani name: Papusza), as an instructive example. The fate of Papusza, unfortunately, was tragic. Ostracized by her tribe and banned as a disloyal person, transgressing the most important norms of romanipen, lonely and sick, she ended her life. Her case demonstrates the way in which ethical sensitivity in research is a hard exigency.
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KOLEKTÍVNE VÝSKUMY ĽUDOVEJ SLOVESNOSTI V DRUHEJ POLOVICI 20. STOROČIA. PRÍSPEVOK K DEJINÁM ETNOLÓGIE NA SLOVENSKU

100%
Kiliánová G.
Etnologické rozpravy (Ethnological Disputes)
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2011
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vol. 18
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issue 1-2
24 – 35
EN
The article deals with the history of ethnology in Slovakia from late 1950s to the 1960s. The author investigates the development in the scientific discipline under the influence of fundamental political, social and ideological changes after the communist seizure of power in 1948 in Czechoslovakia. She focuses her research on collective fieldworks devoted to the so called “partisan (guerrilla) folklore”. The empirical data which describe this fieldwork activity show the research strategies of institutions and scholars during the period of penetration of the communist ideology into the discipline and the orientation of Slovak ethnology on the Soviet ethnographic schools.
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BADANIE RASIZMU: PROBLEMY METODOLOGICZNE

100%
Nowicka E.
Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny
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2011
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vol. 37
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issue 4(142)
121-144
EN
The article considers methodological problems in the study of racist attitudes and beliefs among individuals that manifest such attitudes and beliefs and among people who experience racist behaviour. The phenomenon of racism takes different forms, but it always includes the stigmatizing traits of perceived differences in the physical appearance of a human being, leading to exclusion, discrimination and persecution. The study of racism is important because of its topicality and growing presence in various places in the world. However, the study of racism encounters serious methodological problems: firstly, related to the definition of racism, secondly, owing to the desire of respondents to be politically correct and reluctance to talk about their experiences. The situation of a researcher outsider and a researcher- insider are different, sometimes an anthropologist studying natives – both positions have advantages and disadvantages. The article concludes that the only morally transparent and efficient method for a racism researcher is the engaged study of racism.
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"Portuguese like ys, Portuguese like them" – Reflections On Identity And Intersubjectivity In Fieldwork

88%
de Fátima Amante M.
Lud
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2012
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vol. 96
93-108
EN
The main purpose of this paper is to approach some issues concerning intersubjectivity in fieldwork. The field experience addressed here was conducted on the Portuguese-Spanish border area demanding from the author to move across the border and assume, on a daily basis, her status as a Portuguese citizen like half of her interviewees as well as being a foreigner like the other half. One situation that was particularly relevant regarding the level of researcher’s identity was caused by the dual-perception subjects formed about the anthropologist: being Portuguese like "us" (anthropology at home) or being Portuguese like "them" (anthropology abroad). Within this framework of reflection this paper looks at the interactional process through which knowledge is acquired, shared and transmitted. It also explores the dynamics of the subject-researcher relationship in order to understand how this relationship influenced both collation and analysis of the author’s data.
9
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Aktorzy, kreatorzy, konsumenci widowiska sportowego. Rzecz o polskich klubowych kibicach piłkarskich

88%
Pikora M.
Studia Socjologiczne
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2013
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issue 3(210)
151–173
EN
The article presents a typology of football supporters illustrated by the example of Polonia Warszawa supporters. The aim of the paper is to describe activities and attitudes of supporters and to assess to what extent the proposed typology modifies and enriches previous studies. As a basis for comparison the article uses a popular division of football fans into ultras, hooligans, pseudo-fans, “picnics”, as well as the typology presented by Antonowicz and Wrzesiński (2009) which describes supporters as members of a specific religion group. Qualitative techniques were used in the research, including semi-structured interviews and hidden participant observation. The main factors which differentiate the football audience are: age, stadium attendance seniority, involvement in team supporting during the game and group membership. The proposed new typology of football supporters distinguishes eight categories: leaders, ultras movement, associated supporters, activists, match fanatics, soul-supporters, precursors and spectators.
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„NEMOHU JE KLAMAT?“: KONSTRUKCE OBRAZU BADATELE V TERÉNU

88%
Polouček O.
Etnologické rozpravy (Ethnological Disputes)
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2016
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vol. 23
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issue 1
23 - 35
EN
Researcher meets different situations depending from specifics of his field of interest during implementation of transparent qualitative research. Various societies or subcultures with their own standards and customs can react differently when facing research interest and perceive as important different aspects of mutual communication, possibly not previously seen by researcher. During process of shaping terrain/researcher relations both involved sides constructing image of the other on basis of their own ideas and interpretations coming from environment, from which they come and are involved by. The article based on author ś own oral history research in community of tramps from Brno deals with possibilities of formation of constructed images about researcher, which could significantly involve content of realized interviews. Principles and recommendations of oral history research along with standards based on qualitative research codes of ethics can produce a lot of inspiration for field research in sensitive environments, but also can create some ethical dilemma depending from efforts to balance between research transparencies and endeavour to create the best atmosphere for realizing research. The efforts to “impress” do not mislead ourselves and also don't lose access to narrators. In the article he is analysing assumptions for creating the situation, which he meets during “defining positions” and “looking for understanding” in his research.
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Local craft, theory from abroad: Jacek Olędzki's phenomenology

75%
Rakowski T.
Lud
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2012
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vol. 96
123-133
EN
In this article the author focuses on Polish ethnographies written between 1960-1990 by Jacek Olędzki and argues that it is possible to find a particular way of seeing ethnographic details in these works. The larger part of this ethnographic knowledge was gained thanks to specific skills of noticing and collecting non-discursive data during fieldwork. Therefore, a certain craft of participant observation has been developed within the Polish anthropological tradition. The author refers also to seeing and understanding ethnographic details within the phenomenological/experiential literature in Western anthropology championed by Thomas Csordas, Michael Jackson and Tim Ingold. Yet, these are usually studies which express very clearly their methodological points. On the contrary, the craft of seeing and understanding in Olędzki’s ethnography is rather practiced than spelled out in the form of methodological claims. Therefore, some pertinent questions are put forward here: is there anything particular in Olędzki’s tradition of gathering ethnographic material? Is there anything comparable in his use of the experiential sources with any Western ethnographic methodologies?
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Antropolog i powojenna rzeczywistosc wspolczesnej Afryki. Refleksje na temat badan terenowych w poludniowosudanskiej Dzubie

75%
Kurcz M.
Lud
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2011
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vol. 95
143-156
EN
As many long lasting conflicts in Africa have come to an end the continent is developing very rapidly. These processes are mostly seen in urbanized post-war centres. The war past and the modernisation changes are responsible for the specific ephemeral climate of these places. Juba is a “liminal” city, torn between crisis and stabilisation, war and peace, chaos and order. This situation is intensified by spontaneous urbanization processes. Juba is a city in the making; it is also a place where globalisation and trade exchange are very intensive. This article describes the author’s reflections on the anthropological fieldwork in post-war Juba. The liminality has profound impact on the life of the people in the city, including the anthropologist during his fieldwork. The article shows how cultural phenomena characteristic of post-war African cities impact on the anthropologist and his work.
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ETNOGRAFICKÝ VÝSKUM V OZ PROTI PRÚDU: KAŽDODENNÁ ANGAŽOVANOSŤ?

75%
Ditmarová L.
Etnologické rozpravy (Ethnological Disputes)
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2016
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vol. 23
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issue 1
36 - 50
EN
The paper deals with the various forms of everyday engagement in ethnographic fieldwork regarding specific environment, methods of field research and also research ethics. Based on the author´s own ethnographic fieldwork, she attempts to describe some specifics of the research of contemporary legends and rumours in Proti prúdu Civil Association, which publishes the Nota Bene street paper. The aim of the paper is to specify some of her experiences include everyday practices of sharing, personal interactions, building relationships and gaining the trust of field consultant, which can be thought of as a form of engagement connected with commitment to reciprocity and ethical dilemmas.
14
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'KURBAN-BAYRAM' RITUAL IN BULGARIA - ETHNIC VARIETIES OF CELEBRATION. ETHNOLOGICAL REFLECTIONS ON FIELDWORK (Swieto 'Kurban-Bajram' w Bułgarii - o etnicznych odmianach swietowania. Refleksje etnologiczne z badan terenowych)

75%
Kijewska A., Kuzma I.
Etnografia Polska
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2009
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vol. 53
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issue 1-2
61-90
EN
The article describes the festival of Kurban-Bayram, celebrated between 7th and 10th December 2008 in a town of Vyrbica in the north-east Bulgaria. The region is inhabited by a several ethnic groups such as: Bulgarians, Turks, two communities of Romanies, and others, where the Christianity and Islam are not considered as an ethnic criterion. Kurban, being a ritual during which a sacrifice of a domestic horned animal is made, was celebrated there with a few locally and ethnically conditioned variations. The article also discusses the process of ethnological research and the way of exploring the territory, as experienced by its authoresses working in this specific environment. Both formed a 'tandem', complementing each other. In this arrangement, one of them played a part of a 'guide' of the other, while the other one was a 'debutante', knowing neither the language nor the area. For both authoresses, however, the universal language, which allowed them to penetrate and approach these unknown and untamed regions, was the language of photography.
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FOLK AESTHETICS - IDEAS AND EXPERIENCE MADE TANGIBLE (Rahvaesteetika - nahtavaks kujustatud mote ja kogemus)

63%
Summatavet K.
Mäetagused
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2010
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vol. 44
7-28
EN
The article raises a question as to how to implement the imagination of a researcher in the study of tangible cultural heritage, using the example of Kristjan Raud and Ants Laikmaa, artists who worked at the beginning of the 20th century, and their art theory related and pedagogical standpoints. The observation focuses on how the texts, written by these artists a hundred years ago, attempt to understand folk aesthetics, folk art practice, oral and tangible folklore, and identify these with the experience of creative process of professional art. The article highlights the viewpoints and opinions which affected the creative work of K. Raud, and were used by the artist to learn and study the mindset of the authors of tangible heritage. A closer look is taken at the specific problems encountered by the artist upon the interpretation of cultural heritage. Folk aesthetics comprises individual fantasy and creativity, expressed by way of oral and visual poetry, which is based on the creative process taking place as an outcome of the synthesis of the hierarchical stratifications of shared experience within the surrounding environment and the community. When attempting to treat folk aesthetics in the light of the professional knowledge and skills of an artist, we can investigate the creative process launched by individual fantasy and creativity, expressed by way of oral and visual poetry; as an outcome of such creative process, new ideas and artefacts with idiosyncratic details may be generated within the traditional community, upon the individual interpretation of shared knowledge and experience.
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