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1

RELATIONS OF FOLK PLANT NAMES WITH THE BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE IN DATABASE 'HERBA' (RahvapAraste taimenimede seosed botaanilise nomenklatuuriga HERBAs)

100%
Kalle R.
Mäetagused
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2008
|
vol. 39
53-74
EN
'Herba', the Estonian folk medicine database of herbal treatment (available at http://www.folklore.ee/herba), has been the source of lore texts about the use of plants and herbs as popular remedies since 2006. At the present moment, the database includes the earliest archive texts up to the year 1939, estimated to constitute slightly less than half of the total number of texts. The identification of plant names in the texts are largely based on the monograph 'Eesti taimenimetused' (Estonian Plant Names) by Gustav Vilbaste (1993). Even though most of the collected Estonian plant names have been identified by Vilbaste, new ethnobotanical names emerge while processing the lore material. The article describes the linking of new folk plant names with the botanical nomenclature and establishing connections with the already known folk plant names (on the basis of texts in the database and specialised literature). The database text can be associated with the species on the basis of three criteria: folk plant name (according to Vilbaste's monograph), the Latin name included in the text, and the plant description. The number of informants with more than one Latin extension in the database is currently 11. Some texts may correspond to nearly all the criteria, but this is an exception rather than a rule. The largest number of Latin names has been contributed by the following informants: pharmacist Hans Jako (in Jakob Hurt files), physician Mihkel Ostrov in 1891 and 1892 (folklore files of the Society of Estonian Literati), school teacher Julius Lunts in 1937 (Estonian Folklore Archives collection) and medical student Jaan Laats in 1938 (Estonian Folklore Archives collection). Gustav Vilbaste has likewise used the texts of the said informants, though selectively; for instance, the text contributed by Mihkel Ostrov yielded more than 15 new equivalents. The most time-consuming section of the work was to establish connections according to other plant names and/or description and habitat represented in the texts. Usually, a plant can not be identified on the basis of a single text and the results are unreliable. For identification, texts from different collections were gathered together and were analysed according to different parameters, such as the origin of the text, informant's background, other names mentioned in the text and so on; in addition, the results were compared against the data of plant geography. As to the more complicated texts, mycologists and botanists had to be consulted with. One of the aims of the article is to publish the plant names rediscovered in the course of the work and provide inspiration for deriving new Estonian names for species so far unnamed (e.g., family Gymnosporangium).
2

REGIONAL NORDIC TRADITION IN THE KOMI FOLK MEDICINE (Pohja paikkondlik traditsioon komide rahvameditsiinis)

100%
Iljina I.
Mäetagused
|
2008
|
vol. 39
75-92
EN
The article based on field work materials discusses the characteristics of folk medicine among the northernmost group of the Komi - namely, those living in the Izhemsky District (Komi iz'va). During the populating of the tundra and the development of reindeer herding tradition borrowed from the Nenets, the Izhma Komi developed a striking cultural and practical character which is expressed in the structure of medical knowledge, the range of remedies and treatment methods, and the system of nutrition and hygienic tradition. The folk medicine of the said ethnic group is characterised by remarkable rationality, which is expressed in a rare use of magical treatment methods, the majority of folk healers are bone-setters, and a sceptical attitude towards the Nenets Shamans is prevailing. In the framework of ancestral worship practised by the Komi developed the cult of Tandze Marya, a famous folk healer and bone-setter. The mythologisation of the well-known healer has been greatly facilitated by the means of mass media, which has, in some respects, appeared on the initiative of local intellectuals
3
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The world of plants in the east-slovian healing spells

100%
Szczesniak K.
Acta Baltico-Slavica
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2007
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vol. 31
299-313
EN
The article concerns the plant naming present in east-slovian healing spells which themselves constitute a very specific example of magic texts. The researched material allowed for three types of such orders to be distinguished: 1. Texts where the name of plant or its specific part is necessary for the incantation. 2. Texts where the name forms a background for the ritual of dispelling. 3. Texts where both of the afore-mentioned functions are attributed to the plant. The gathered material contained not only the names of various plants, shrubs and trees but also specific plant parts (such as gnarls, branches and fungi growing thereupon) and their respective collectivities (such as forests and orchards) or objects made from them (such as a broom or a crucifix). The presence of plant names is usually connected with the symbolic nature of those respective plants in slovian culture. The absence in those orders of such names as: plantago or linden or other plants having equally time-honoured traditions in folk medicine can bring about some confusion, however, after more such texts have been researched these doubts may well be dispersed.
4
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BELIEFS IN SPELLS IN PRESENT DAY VILLAGES NEAR TARNÓW (Uroki we wspólczesnej podtarnowskiej wsi)

88%
Piechnik A.
Lud
|
2009
|
vol. 93
203-216
EN
The article is about modern views of rural population on spells ('the evil eye'). It is based on interviews conducted with middle age and the oldest generation of inhabitants of several villages near Tarnów. The authoress tries to find out how the phenomenon of spells functions in the consciousness of the inhabitants of the villages in this region. The article describes their knowledge of spells - why and how they are cast, their consequences and how they can be undone. The analysis also focuses on the attitude to that phenomenon. The informers believe in spells, but in their opinion they are much less frequent today. Reasons for their disappearance can be found in the impact of contemporary social and cultural changes. All respondents are familiar with the symptoms and the actual occurrences of spells. However, only a few respondents have a deeper knowledge of those magical practices. Magical formulae accompanying spell and their undoing have also been forgotten.
5
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Krajanská lidová léčba a ritualizované praktiky u Čechů z Ukrajiny a Kazachstánu přesídlených do České republiky

75%
Beranská V.
Národopisná revue (Journal of Ethnology)
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2013
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vol. 23
|
issue 4
264 – 271
EN
The study writes about folk treatment and related practices as they have survived in the memory of Czech expatriates transferred from the regions of the former Soviet Union, namely from Ukraine and Kasakhstan, to the Czech Republic. A special attention is paid to ritualized practices and folk magic associated with the word, such as healing procedures, exorcism, and incantation. The means and approaches of folk medicine are viewed from the angle of ethno-medicine and medical anthropology. The presented knowledge are based on a field research among the expatriates transferred to the Czech Republic between 1991-1993, mainly from the regions of Zhitomir and Kiev in Ukraine, and between 1994-2001 from Kasakhstan. The field research was implemented between 2009-2012 in the whole Czech Republic. The mentions about folk treatment and related practices were recorded in nine locations. Fifty persons altogether were asked about folk treatment. As confirmed by the field research, the transferred expatriates used ritualized practices and applied exorcism in folk treatment. They have kept in their memories some practices and healing means recipes until today, twenty years after their transfer to the Czech Republic.
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