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Granice państw Europy. Zróżnicowanie cech i funkcji

100%
Kałuski S.
Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs
|
2015
|
issue 3
9-30
EN
The aim of the article is to present differentiated features and functions of the contemporary Europe countries’ borders. We can notice an explicit dualism of forming their current course and meaning. The maps from va¬rious time periods in Europe are entirely different images. What contributed to it are changes of borders as a result of conquests, wars, separatist movements, disintegration of some countries and unification of the others. There remained marks in the landscape: fortifications, bunkers and watchtowers. The idea of European integration was born in this area. There is even a popular saying “Europe without borders”. Right after the end of World War II, an idea of the United States of Europe was postulated and a few years later arose The Iron Curtain – a chain of heavily guarded borders that divided Europe into the two different political units. Its collapse started an age of diminishing obstacles regarding border barriers and finished up in a world phenomenon – Schengen area. These two trends indicated in the article are exemplified with roles of spatial barriers as well as cross-border cooperation.
2

THE IDEA OF THE FRONTIER IN THE CRITICISM OF ANTONI FERDYNAND OSSENDOWSKI'S FICTION (A STUDY OF 'BEASTS, MEN AND GODS') / KATEGORIA POGRANICZA W BADANIACH TWORCZOSCI ANTONIEGO FERDYNANDA OSSENDOWSKIEGO (NA PRZYKLADZIE POWIESCI 'PRZEZ KRAJ LUDZI, ZWIE

100%
Kijak A.
Ruch Literacki
|
2010
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vol. 51
|
issue 1 (298)
55-66
EN
This article attempts to identify and analyze the special nature of the Frontier experience in Antoni Ferdynand Ossendowski's 'Beasts, Men and Gods'. With the help of the 'Frontier factor' it has been possible to gain a new perspective on the heterogeneity of Ossendowski's book on the level of genology, narration and literary conventions. 'Beasts Men and Gods' possesses the characteristic features of an adventure story, crime fiction, biography and autobiography, an academic study (combining politics and zoology) and a fairy tale. The fact the book is a meeting point of so many genological and narrative forms and conventions indicates in a way the appropriateness of the concept of the Frontier.
3
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Rajgród 1360. A Contribution to the History of the Mazovian-Teutonic Order Frontier

100%
Kowalczyk-Heyman E.
Kwartalnik Historyczny
|
2006
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vol. 113
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issue 3
5-18
EN
The formation of the Mazovian-Teutonic Order boundary has not been sufficiently examined up to now. This is the prime reason why Polish and German writings feature numerous contradictory findings or erroneous simplifications, including those concerning the circumstances and course of the Rajgród–related conflict between Mazovia (Poland) and the Teutonic Knights (summer 1360), described in a copious protocol–account and a brief description found in the chronicle of Wigand. The presented article discusses the events preceding the conflict and its course. The roots of the event go back to the second half of the thirteenth century when Mazovia, Ruthenia and the state of the Teutonic Order embarked upon a conquest of Sudovia and the subsequent division of its lands. Both sources include information which demands further research. The authoress has recently identified two Mazovian knights - Dobrogost of 'Cannink' (Kanigowo) of the Lubicz coat of arms, and Bronisz of 'Sulostase' (Sulostowo) of the Grabie coat of arms, who appeared during the first stage of the conflict. On the other hand, it proved impossible to identify a knight's servant named Nykus Nassund. Further investigations are required in the case of the starosta (capitanens) of Wizna and a verification of the proposed localisation and identification of the Teutonic Order fortress of 'Grebyn' whose construction was completed after the devastation of Rajgród; the same holds true for the determination of the fortification work conducted in Rajgród by the Mazovians. In the case of both fortifications, this task is rendered additionally difficult by the fact that heretofore archaeological research has not provided any auxiliary ascertainments.
4
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INTERACTIONS TRANSFRONTALIERES ET RECOMPOSITION DE L'ACTION PUBLIQUE DANS LES ESPACES CEDEAO ET UEMOA

51%
Sanka J.-L.
Hemispheres. Studies on Cultures and Societies
|
2010
|
issue 25
57-72
EN
The contemporary socioeconomic upheavals push societies to make a new link between the local situations and the global situations without crossing by the stage formerly necessary of the national. There are two spatial dimensions that we find perfectly in the border zones at the same time limit space in the world of States but opening space in the globalized system. Africa is a continent where the border spaces play this economic and social role more than politics. Can the socioeconomic activity carry politics? The recomposition of the cross-border public action essentially in the field of the town and country planning could be the federative element missing to the cross-border territorialization, and, more, the transformation of the State.
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