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ORIENTALIST DISCOURSE IN IVO ANDRIĆ'S “BOSNIAN CHRONICLE”

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Arsenijević Mitrić J.
World Literature Studies
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2018
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vol. 10
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issue 1
27 – 38
EN
Ivo Andrić’s “Bosnian Chronicle” represents Travnik as a city on the frontier, the city in a fissure, “a half-open book” which through the novel turns into a symbol of mutual illegibility of the characters. Each one of them remains in a way shut into their own ideas of the other one standing against them, so it becomes clear that this novel writes out the discourse of difference. In this paper, we shall analyse the examples of Orientalist discourse which Andrić incorporated into the novel through the characters that represent the European deputies (Austro-Hungarian and French) in Travnik and through their often stereotypical attitudes towards the country to which they were sent to office.
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FROM FRONTIER ORIENTALISM TO TRANSNATIONAL COMMUNITIES: IMAGES OF THE TATARS IN MODERN ROMANIAN LITERATURE

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Terian A.
World Literature Studies
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2018
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vol. 10
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issue 1
50 – 62
EN
This article is both an analysis of the image of Tatars in modern Romanian literature (c. 1830–1948) and a theoretical reflection on the manner in which, in some Central and Eastern European literatures, such as the Romanian one, “frontier Orientalism” (Andre Gingrich) contributed to the creation of transnational communities. Thus, although the Tatars are not very frequently depicted in Romanian literature, they have acquired a pivotal function here. In contrast to the image of Oriental Muslims in the Western area of Central and Eastern Europe, which tends to polarize along the ethical axis of good vs. evil (e. g., the Bosnian vs. the Turks), Tatars have an ambiguous function in modern Romanian literature, caused both by their Orientalization as a Muslim Other and by the discovery of various ethnic similarities with the Romanians, generated by their common status of “small(er) nations”.
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EARLY ENCOUNTERS WITH THE WORLD OF ISLAM IN LATVIAN LITERARY CULTURE

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Kalnača I., Kalnačs B.
World Literature Studies
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2018
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vol. 10
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issue 1
63 – 87
EN
The aim of this paper is to trace different representations of the encounters with the world of Islam in Latvian literary culture of the 19th and early 20th century. The Latvian case is contextualized within trends in 19th-century Orientalist representations shaped by the Western European and Russian imperial imagination. Other nations, and especially those with different religious beliefs and practices, have characteristically been perceived either with an incredulity characteristic to Western attitudes toward the Orient, or with the inevitability of direct confrontation and “Othering” in the cases of military conflicts involving the imperial forces of Russian empire and their political antagonists. At the same time, personal encounters that occurred in geographically peripheral areas of Russia as well as beyond the state borders, often led to unexpected revelations, bringing about an understanding of the fate shared with other, relatively distant societies and cultures. In our paper we demonstrate that these experiences played a substantial role not only in establishing first-hand contacts with other cultures but also contributed to the identity formation of the Latvian nation. We first provide theoretical reflections of the topic that position the discussed representations within broader contexts of Orientalism, as introduced by Edward Said, and point to the differences between the classical Orientalism and “frontier Orientalism” of close and immediate contacts, as proposed by Andre Gingrich. In the following, we focus on different images and stereotypes characteristic to the Orientalist representations in Latvian literary culture and propose a subdivision of different kinds of Orientalism. They include representations of potentially “bad” Muslims, perceived as a real or imaginary threat; travel notes and personal impressions in the vein of classical Orientalism but with a considerably greater degree of involvement if compared to the above case; and, finally, subjective portrayals of domesticated or “good” Orientals who embody a number of admirable features as they share their lives with the Christian community within the Russian empire. The first case deals predominantly with the Turks, who are involved in warfare with the Russian imperial forces; the second features both imagined and first-hand experience of exotic lands with a substantial presence of Muslim culture, legends, tales and historical monuments; the third is focused on the life in the Caucasus before and during the Great War.
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FRONTIER ORIENTALISM AND THE STEREOTYPE FORMATION PROCESS IN GEORGIAN LITERATURE

100%
Jamagidze M.
World Literature Studies
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2018
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vol. 10
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issue 1
88 – 99
EN
Georgian identity and social consciousness have been formed in the context of political and cultural resistance to the Muslim world. Taking into account this difficult historical experience, the goal of the present paper is to analyse to what extent the characters of the Oriental Muslim community are reflected by the Georgian literary texts. It discusses whether their perception in literary texts is constrained by the frontier Orientalist stereotypes and the comparison between the perceptions of the Russian colonizer and the Eastern Muslim colonizer is given. The paper discusses these issues based on Edward Said’s concept of Orientalism and Andre Gingrich’s concept of frontier Orientalism. It shows that in Georgian literature, the relationship with the Muslim space is determined by the existential fear that has emerged as a result of historical experience. However, in the modern and contemporary period, there is evidence that such a frontier-Orientalist feeling towards the Muslim community is gradually weakening, but it is strengthening towards the Russian space.
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TRAVELS AMONG “BACKWARD HEATHENS”: J. I. BAJZA’S “THE ADVENTURES AND EXPERIENCES OF THE YOUNG MAN RENÉ” AS A FRONTIER ORIENTALIST FANTASY

88%
Pucherová D.
World Literature Studies
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2019
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vol. 11
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issue 2
45 – 60
EN
This article analyses the Slovak novel “René mládenca príhody a skúsenosti” (1783–1785) by Jozef Ignác Bajza as a frontier orientalist fantasy. Unlike in Western European orientalist texts, where images of alien Muslim cultures served as a justification for imperialism, here they are used to fashion a Slovak modernity, confirming the Slovak people’s Christian, European and Slavic identity at a time when it was politically just starting to come into being as a nation. It is further argued that the novel departs from the typical Western orientalist fantasy, figured as a heterosexual heroic romance, towards the narrative of homo-social nationalist self-fashioning.
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“OUR TURKS”, OR “REAL TURKS”? CZECH PERCEPTIONS OF THE SLAVIC MUSLIMS OF BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA

88%
Malečková J.
World Literature Studies
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2018
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vol. 10
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issue 1
15 – 26
EN
The article examines Czech views of the Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and compares them to their opinions on the Ottoman Turks. It asks to what extent Czech perceptions of these two groups correspond to the distinction between “good” and “bad” Muslims suggested by Andre Gingrich in his concept of “frontier Orientalism”. Special attention is devoted to images of Muslim women who, according to Gingrich, hardly figured in the frontier version of Orientalism. Czech experiences with the Ottoman Empire differed from those of other Central and South East Europeans, and Czechs’ views of the Ottoman Turks were influenced by Western Orientalist discourse. In Bosnia-Herzegovina, in contrast, the Czechs’ position was closer to the Austrians’ civilizing mission and their frontier Orientalism, but it was complicated by the fact that the local population was Slavic, like the Czechs themselves. Thus, Czech perceptions of the Slavic Muslims were ambivalent and oscillated between identifying the Muslims with the Ottoman Turks, and viewing them as Slavic brothers. The ambivalence concerned also Muslim women, who were portrayed as different from (Ottoman) Turkish women, but at the same time often seen through Orientalist lenses.
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THE NATION’S “TIMELESS MISSION”: FRONTIER ORIENTALISM IN CENTRAL EUROPEAN HISTORICAL FICTION

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Sabatos C.
World Literature Studies
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2018
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vol. 10
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issue 1
3 – 14
EN
Andre Gingrich’s concept of frontier Orientalism focuses on the former Habsburg Empire, which has been overlooked by Orientalist and postcolonial studies. Through a comparison of Slovak, Polish, Hungarian, and Czech novelists, including Janko Kalinčiak, Henryk Sienkiewicz, Géza Gárdonyi, Jaroslav Durych, and Jozef Horák, this study shows how the genre of historical fiction evoked what Gingrich calls Central Europe’s “timeless mission” of defending the frontiers of the West from Eastern barbarians, as a metaphor for the repression of minority identities.
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BALKAN IDENTITY BETWEEN THE ORIENT AND EUROPE IN MILORAD PAVIĆ’S “DICTIONARY OF THE KHAZARS”

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Karásek M.
World Literature Studies
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2018
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vol. 10
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issue 1
39 – 49
EN
This article analyses the cultural, historical and religious contexts of Milorad Pavić’s post-modern novel “Dictionary of the Khazars”. Its aim is to analyse the role of Oriental, Balkan and European literary and folkloric motifs as the means of Pavić’s original narrative strategy. Another goal is to discuss whether Pavić’s employment of these motifs could be framed in terms of Gingrich’s concept of frontier Orientalism, or should be conceptualized by other categories. Pavić’s approach toward the Balkan’s common identity seems to be more likely based on the idea of a crossroad than the idea of “no man’s land” of liminal frontier area. The author discusses the accuracy of applying already existing theoretical concepts to Pavić’s works and tries to propose conceptual instruments that would enable to see the work of this postmodern writer in a more accurate manner.
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