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Pozycja euro i dolara australijskiego na rynkach walutowych względem wybranych kryteriów gospodarczych ich emitentów

100%
Czaja J.
Studia Ekonomiczne
|
2015
|
vol. 210
89-98
EN
The purpose of this article is to determine whether quickly gained a large share of the Australian dollar in trading on the foreign exchange markets can reduce current in-ternational position euros. The position of AUD has increased in the settlements use of the raw materials. This is especially exacerbated when the Australian economy entered the path of rapid deve-lopment. This happened in spite of the great recession of 2008-2009. In addition, a stronger Australian dollar favors a very low risk of an increase in public debt. This cur¬rency also maintains an AAA credit rating. Central banks added the Australian dollar in¬to their currency reserves. By this way its position is strengthened as an international currency and treated as very safe, despite the correlation with the market raw materials.
2
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Rola państwa we wspieraniu działalności badawczo-rozwojowej polskich przedsiębiorstw

100%
Stępniak-Kucharska A.
Studia Ekonomiczne
|
2015
|
vol. 209
199-208
EN
Innovative activities, particularly R&D activity, is one of the priority objectives of the EU policy. R&D activities are a source of creating the most competitive, knowledge- based economic region. However, a low level of expenditure on R&D (especially in Poland) is a major problem in the EU. One reason for this situation is the lack of funding for R&D activity. State aid can be a form of assistance in this area. The aim of the analysis is to examine the intensity and trends of state aid allocated to R&D in Poland. The study will cover the examination of four parameters: the level of expenditure on R&D (GERD) to GDP, the level of state aid for R&D, the share of state aid for R&D in GDP and the ratio of aid for R&D expenditure to total aid. The analysis encompassing the years 2000-2012 will be carried out based on the statistics of the Eu-ropean Commission and UOKiK.
3
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The New Devolution in Wales as a Result of Emerging the Small Nation

51%
Sopoćko P.
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio K – Politologia
|
2016
|
vol. 23
|
issue 1
EN
In this article, an author proves that devolution based on the national identity fosters political development in Wales. The main historical facts are briefly recalled, coming smoothly to Tony Blair’s reforms and their partly failure. Author considers them as irreversible process’ elements, later continued by David Cameron who saw them as vital to awake national identity of Wales. Such efforts finally result in economic success of the whole region, based on devolution of powers, as it is concluded at the end. 
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