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EN
Iceland was the first European country which was severely hit by the financial crisis of 2008. The consequences of rapid increase in financial services and fast economic growth led to overheating in Icelandic economy and collapse of the banking sector. Iceland formulated a recovery program focused on unusual element - capital control. Moreover, exchange rate stability, restructurization of debts and consolidation of public finance were also introduced as stabilization measures. Comparing to others European economies, like Greece or Spain, in 2011 the condition of Icelandic economy was better (higher rate of GDP growth, lower unemployment rate and public deficit). The strategy adopted by Iceland turned out to bring successful results, but there is a question whether it could be implemented in others economies.
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Globalne konsekwencje kryzysu finansowego w Grecji

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EN
The article attempts to analyse the 2007–2012 crisis from the point of view of regional integration. First, the author presents theories and effects of local integration, and then he examines the reasons of the crisis and concludes the paper by describing the impact of the crisis on EU economy. The present euro crisis began in early 2010 in Greece, which could not pay its debts. The European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund assisted it through radical economic reforms. There are, however, two other options, namely the withdrawal of Greece from the euro area and its return to drachma or the voluntary withdrawal of Germany from the euro area. Unfortunately, at the beginning of 2013, none of these options seems feasible, and they are, first of all, politically risky.
EN
VThe objective of this paper is to estimate the relative contribution of a wide array of determinants to outbreak of financial crises in the EU candidate countries (Croatia, Macedonia and Turkey) and to identify the best-performing early warning indicators of financial crises. We have estimated a binomial logit model of the three EU candidate countries for the period 2005Q1 to 2009Q4 using actual quarterly data. It has been found that the capital account indicators (gross external debt relative to export) and the financial sector variables (the domestic loans and the total bank deposits in relation to GDP) have the highest contribution of all early warning indicators, which is in line with the previous studies of financial shocks in emerging markets. The obtained empirical results give support to the thesis that financial crises in the EU candidate countries can not be solely explained and predicted by only one group of variables, but by a number of different types of indicators. Based on our empirical findings, the EU candidate countries are strongly suggested to decrease their stock of external debt to GNP and to continually analyze and close monitor the financial deepening processes in their countries.
EN
The article discusses current and important problem of capital controls in the context of the global financial crisis. Particularly, the topical issue which is now discussed is the possibility of introducing a financial transaction tax in the European Union. Through such a tax the financial sector could help governments, which have to bear high costs due to the impact of the global financial crisis. It is not without significance that this tax may also contribute to a reduction of the speculative capital flows. However, the realization of these objectives is not obvious and the important doubts which are appearing pose significant questions about the rightness of such a tax in Europe.
EN
The article analyses the interdependence of the four selected stock markets: New York, London, Germany and Warsaw. The research was based on graphical and empirical analyses of eight stock indices: NYSE US 100, NYSE Composite, FTSE 100, FTSE All, DAX, CDAX, WIG 20 and WIG. Both analyses revealed a significant level of correlation among situations on these four stock exchanges.
EN
The international financial cooperation is essential to ensure international financial system stability and thereby should contribute to improving the economic and social situation on a global scale. Today's global challenges require transnational resolutions, based on worldwide multilateral cooperation. The international financial cooperation involves a wide variety of participants, formal organizations, but also informal fora. The Group of Twenty is perceived as the primary forum for international economic and financial cooperation. This paper aims to assess critically the G20 activities in the conditions of global financial crisis (original abstract)
EN
Aim/purpose – The objectives of the paper include: identification of factors that influence the directions of fluctuations of foreign exchange rates seen as manifestations of currency wars; description of the most important forms of currency wars conducted in the contemporary global economy (including in particular the currently observed third currency war); analysis of risks to contemporary financial markets and national economies posed by the third currency war. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses the method of critical analysis of the literature on the subject, as well as US-China and Brazil case analyses. The Propensity Score Matching method was used in the study. Findings – The research findings confirmed the following hypotheses: contemporary fluctuations of foreign exchange rates in the largest economies of the world confirm that the third currency war is ongoing; the risk of consequences of the currency war destabilises the international and local financial markets and trade transactions among them. Research implications/limitations – The limited scope of the research performed is due to the fact that emerging economies have no control of devaluation or revaluation processes in their respective countries. However, large economies, such as China or Japan, are able to create the value of their respective currencies, thus artificially controlling the competitiveness of their products and services. These differences between small and large economies limit and distort the scope of the research done. Originality/value/contribution – Identification, analysis and results of the risks to contemporary financial markets and national economies posed by the third currency war.
PL
Zestawienie tych dwóch faktów - dzisiejszej dobrej kondycji banków nordyckich z ich kryzysową sytuacją w przeszłości - skłania do postawienia ważkiego pytania: czy doświadczenie sprzed dwudziestu lat wywarło korzystny wpływ na zarządzanie bankami w późniejszym okresie i w konsekwencji lepiej przygotowało je na wydarzenia aktualnego globalnego kryzysu finansowego? Próba udzielenia odpowiedzi na tak sformułowane pytanie jest przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu.
EN
The paper analyses the financial condition of Nordic banks in the period of the global financial crisis of 2007-2011. The condition of the Nordic banks compared favourably with large banks domiciled in other parts of Europe. It seems that the basis for their current balanced policy (prudent capital and liquidity management) to a large extent resulted from the difficult experience of the Nordic banking crisis of 1990-1993.
PL
Okres, który rozpoczął się od momentu wybuchu kryzysu nazwany został okresem reregulacji, gdyż nastąpił po ponad dwu dekadach deregulacji. Celem artykułu jest opis wprowadzonych zmian oraz ocena wybranych aspektów tych regulacji. Podjęta została próba odpowiedzi na następujące pytania: - Jaki jest punkt widzenia ekonomistów zajmujących się tematyką kryzysu na konieczność reform regulacyjnych oraz pożądane kierunki tych reform? - Jakie działania regulacyjne podjęto na poszczególnych szczeblach? - Czy dokonane zmiany są wystarczającymi, aby zapewnić poprawne funkcjonowanie rynków finansowych w przyszłości? Praca została oparta na literaturze przedmiotu oraz licznych opiniach ekspertów na temat dokonanych reform.(fragment tekstu)
EN
The financial crisis of2007-2008 was the cause of regulatory initiatives undertaken at all levels - from national to the global financial market. Regulations covered many aspects of the functioning of these markets. The article describes new regulatory initiatives. It presents the changes at the global level, in the European Union and the financial market reform in the United States. The main conclusion is that despite the implemented reforms, in the functioning of financial markets are still many areas requiring further regulations.(original abstract)
EN
The causes of the global financial crisis are observed in the various aspects of the functioning of the financial system. It is pointed out that this was excessive bank lending, the development of modern financial instruments - derivatives, increasing role of securitization process, incorrect ratings of the financial instruments of the credit rating agencies, inadequate macroeconomic policies, in particular monetary and fiscal policies, development of the shadow banking market, increase in systemic risk or changes in the management of financial institutions. However, there is one more problem in the global economy. This is the growing importance of the financial sphere, which has started to affect and determine the real economy. This process, known as financialization also increases the risk of instability in the financial system and the role of banking institutions in maintaining the stability of the whole economy. The main aim of the study is to analyze the importance of the financialization process, which is observed in the global economy, in destabilizing the banking sector. The study also identifies its consequences for the framework of the modern banking sector and the functioning of individual banking institutions (original abstract)
PL
Celem podatku bankowego wprowadzonego w niektórych krajach OECD po wybuchu globalnego kryzysu finansowego w 2008 r. było zwiększenie stabilności systemu finansowego, zgromadzenie środków na reagowanie na przyszłe kryzysy lub – tak jak w Polsce − zapewnienie dochodów budżetowych. Wprowadzony w Polsce w 2016 r. podatek bankowy oddziałuje w kierunku zmniejszenia kapitałów banków i ograniczenia dostępności kredytu dla sektora niefinansowego. Negatywny wpływ podatku bankowego na akcję kredytową będzie jednak ograniczony. W najbardziej prawdopodobnym scenariuszu potencjał kredytowy banków zmniejszy się o 11,4 mld zł (ok. 0,6% PKB). Ujemny wpływ podatku na kredyt dla sektora niefinansowego będzie w pełni skompensowany, jeśli w bankach o relatywnie wysokich kapitałach współczynniki adekwatności kapitałowej zostaną obniżone.
EN
In the aftermath of financial crisis outbreak in 2008 several OECD countries have introduced bank levies. New taxes were motivated by the need to increase financial system stability, building financial buffer for mitigating the future crisis or – as it was the case in Poland – increasing budgetary revenues. Bank levy introduced in Poland in 2016 has contributed to lower banks’ capital and reduced availability of credit to nonfinancial sector. However, negative impact of the bank levy on credit is likely to be contained. In the most likely scenario credit potential of the Polish banking sector will be reduced by PLN 11.4 bn (ca. 0.6% of GDP). Negative impact of the bank levy on credit to non-financial sector may be fully compensated if capital adequacy ratios in relatively well-capitalized banks are reduced.
PL
Innowacyjność przedsiębiorstw i gospodarek stała się czynnikiem koniecznym utrzymania ich konkurencyjności oraz wzrostu. Kryzys finansowy w 2008 r. pokazał, że podmioty gospodarcze, zachowując się typowo, redukują inwestycje w innowacje. Redukcja poziomu tych inwestycji nie była jednakowa dla wszystkich przedsiębiorstw, niektóre nawet zwiększyły swój poziom tego rodzaju wydatków. Co ciekawe, przedsiębiorstwa i kraje, które mimo kryzysu zwiększyły poziom inwestycji w innowacje, odnotowały większą elastyczność wobec ciężkich warunków gospodarczych. Celem artykułu jest analiza skutków kryzysu finansowego dla innowacyjności przedsiębiorstw w ramach różnych gospodarek, a także próba identyfikacji narzędzi służących odzyskania poziomu innowacyjności przez gospodarki.
EN
Innovation in enterprises is a key factor fostering competition and growth. Financial crisis in 2008 has shown that enterprises – in terms of crisis, behave typically, limiting investment in in innovation. But the reduction level hasn’t been similar for all R&D investing enterprises, some have even increased this kind of outlays. Moreover – countries increasing R&D spending have been more flexible in terms of economic downturn. The goal of the article is the analysis of the crisis consequences for innovation enterprises amongst different economies and also the attempt to identify the innovation policy measures towards innovation recovery.
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EN
This paper compares the experiences of Turkey and Argentina in the face of the recent global economic meltdown. The historical and economic peculiarities of these two countries render them as perfect comparative case study. They both historically had acute macroeconomic instabilities with high inflation rates and internal and external disequilibrium. In both countries volatility in economic growth rates (stop-and-go cycles) have been associated with current account and fiscal deficits. They both adopted a number of stabilization policies guided by the IMF which were all unsuccessful. They both got into the new millennium with almost simultaneous (February 2001 in Turkey and December 2001 in Argentina) and the most severe economic crises in their histories. They both have experienced very rapid growth rates since their economic crises. Economic recovery in Argentina has been in a better shape and more sustainable than Turkey. Although both countries will inevitably face the negative impacts of the global crisis, the impact is likely to be more severe for Turkey. (original abstract)
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza zależności między kryzysem finansowym z lat 2007-2010 a poziomem wolności gospodarczej w krajach transformujących się. Do ana¬lizy wybrano 24 kraje dla okresu 1996-2013. W badaniu zastosowano test Chowa dla zmiennych: indeks wolności gospodarczej i jego trzy subindeksy publikowane przez He-ritage Foundation oraz tempo zmian PKB. Z analizy wynika, że dla panelu krajów trans¬formujących się punkt zwrotny wystąpił dla indeksu wolności gospodarczej i wolności monetarnej w 2008 roku. W przypadku czterech indywidualnych modeli krajów uzyska¬ne rezultaty dały podstawę do wnioskowania o braku stabilności analizowanych parame¬trów w okresie kryzysu lat 2007-2010.
EN
The objective of a paper is to analyze a relationship between financial crisis 2007-2010 and economic freedom in 24 transition countries. Selected variables are: index of economic freedom Heritage Foundation and its three subindexes and GDP growth. Chow test was employed. In a panel of transition countries a structural break was identified in case of index of economic freedom and monetary freedom in 2008. There was a struc¬tural break in the period of 2007-2010 in four models of individual countries.
EN
The need for tighter and more robust supervision of the global financial system was apparent long before nowadays economic crisis burst out. Although Basel I was the cornerstone of the first effort for the imposition of international regulations to banks, soon it was outrun being substituted by Basel II. The economic shock of 2007 financial crisis led the Committee of Banking Supervision of Basel to a new global regulatory framework for the banking system, aiming to strengthening it against future financial crises. In November 2010, a revised Pact of Basel II, named Basel III, was presented to the Seoul G20 Leaders' Summit. Basel III represents a fundamental strengthening of global capital standards. Together with the introduction of global liquidity standards, the new capital standards deliver on the core of the global financial reform agenda. It is argued that the implementation of Basel III will considerably increase the quality of banks' capital and significantly raise the required level of it. In addition, it will provide a "macro prudential overlay" to better deal with systemic risk. Finally, the new package will allow sufficient time for a smooth transition to the new regime. During the last years the Greek banking system has been found itself in the middle of a turmoil bearing successive shocks; first the global financial crisis and later on a side effect of it: Greece's debt crisis. This paper discusses the future implementation of the newly introduced Basel III into a unique context: Can Basel III secure the congruous operation of the banking system in periods of severe fiscal problems? (original abstract)
PL
W artykule podjęto próbę udzielenia odpowiedzi na pytanie: na ile załamanie w światowych finansach, zapoczątkowane kryzysem sektora bankowego w USA w 2008 roku, znalazło również swoje konsekwencje w kondycji finansowej polskich banków? W tym celu zbadano, posługując się klasycznymi wskaźnikami efektywności banków, kształtowanie się tej efektywności w latach 2004-2011. Analizą objęto zarówno sektor bankowy jako całość, jak i grupy banków, wyodrębnione według kryteriów, mających z punktu widzenia odporności na kryzys istotne znaczenie, tj. wielkości banków oraz ich struktury własnościowej. Następnie, dla uzyskania dokładniejszego obrazu różnic pomiędzy "okresem poprzedzającym kryzys", a "okresem kryzysu", obliczone w ten sposób wskaźniki efektywności poddano analizie ANOVA.Przyjęta metoda badawcza okazała się na tyle adekwatna, że pozwoliła finalnie uzyskać wyniki odpowiadające logice ekonomicznych zależności. Kryzys wpłynął wprawdzie na obniżenie efektywności finansowej we wszystkich grupach banków, co w świetle przedstawionych uwarunkowań wydaje się być całkowicie zrozumiałe, to jednak skala tego wpływu nie była jednakowa.(abstrakt oryginalny)
PL
W pracy zdefiniowano i zinterpretowano zmiany zachodzące w przestrzeni rynku akcji. Analizie poddano 73 spółki notowane na Giełdzie Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie w okresie od początku 2006 r. do końca września 2012 r. Jest to okres obejmujący w całości dwie odsłony kryzysu finansowego - od pierwszych objawów kryzysu do momentu, kiedy te badania zostały przeprowadzone. Zbadano dynamikę rynku akcji za pomocą wskaźnika, który mierzy zmiany efektu zniekształcenia kształtu przestrzeni rynku. Indeks ten opiera się na metodach geometrii euklidesowej. Pozwala on na właściwą identyfikację i interpretację najbardziej burzliwych okresów na rynku finansowym.
EN
This paper defines and interprets the changes in the stock market space. There are analyzed 73 companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange in the period from beginning 2006 to the end of September 2012. This is a period, covering entirely the last two financial crises from their first symptoms to the moment when these researches have been carried out. The dynamics of the stock market space was investigated using an index, which measures the evolution of the distortion effect in the shape of the market space. This index is based on geometry technique and it proved to be useful in the Polish capital market. It allows for proper identification and interpretation of the most turbulent periods in financial markets.
EN
The EU integration and the creation of the so-called European single financial market requires creation of institutional solutions corresponding to the integrated structure. At the moment, we are dealing with globalisation of financial markets, and thus with a growth in their integration. However, full integration of the financial system, or the lack thereof, will be only achieved when European states overcome the still lasting financial crisis and its effects in the form of recession in most EU countries. The purpose of this article is to present the situation concerning the integration of financial markets, as illustrated with the example of countries belonging to the EU, with emphasis on the situation on the Polish financial market after the deepest and the most severe financial crisis for the world economies, namely after 2008-2009 as compared with the period preceding the financial crisis. (original abstract)
PL
Problematyka stanowiąca główny obszar poruszanych zagadnień dotyka dwóch kwestii: tajemniczych mistrzów polskiej gospodarki oraz kryzysu finansowego ostatnich lat. Głównym celem niniejszego tekstu jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, jak na kryzys reagują tajemniczy mistrzowie i czy podejmują podobne działania, jak inne „typowe” przedsiębiorstwa? Jego realizację oparto na wynikach badań empirycznych przeprowadzonych w 2010 r. w ramach projektu badawczego Ministerstwa Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego nr N N115 008237 pt. „Niematerialne wartości źródłem ukrytej przewagi konkurencyjnej tajemniczych mistrzów polskiej gospodarki”, realizowanego w Wydziale Nauk Ekonomicznych i Zarządzania Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu.
EN
The problems discussed in the paper refer to two main issues: the hidden champions of the Polish economy and the financial crisis of recent years. The main objective of this paper is an attempt to find the answer on the question: how hidden champions react to the crisis and whether they take similar actions as the other “typicalˮ enterprises? Its realization was based on the empirical research conducted in 2010 as part of a research project of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education No. N N115 008237 Fri. “Intangible values as a source of the hidden competitive advantage of the Polish hidden championsˮ implemented in the Faculty of Economics and Management, Nicolas Copernicus University in Torun.
EN
The paper raises important and timely issue of financial instability and its sources in the modern world. The paper presents definitions of financial instability operating in literature, characterizes chosen theoretical concepts of financial instability and tries to identify the endogenous and exogenous sources of financial instability. Many of the problems presented in the paper are debatable, difficult to define, many important topics are only signaled and they are a starting point for the future research
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